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The nomograms of 2D and 3D fetal thoracic measurements were created to GA. 50 cases were randomly selected to calculate intra- and inter-observer reliability and agreement. In addition, the case groups including congenital skeletal dysplasia (SD) (15), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) (30), pulmonary sequestration (PS) (25) and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) (36) were assessed by the nomograms and followed up subsequently.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both 2D and 3D fetal thoracic parameters increased with GA using a quadratic regression equation. The intra- and inter-observer reliability and agreement of each thoracic parameter were excellent. 2D fetal thoracic parameters could initially evaluate the fetal thoracic development and diagnose the skeletal thoracic deformity, and lung volume, thoracic volume and lung-to-thorax volume ratio  were\u00a0practical to diagnose and differentiate CDH, PS and CCAM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have established the normal fetal thoracic reference range at 13\u201340\u00a0weeks, which has a high value in diagnosing congenital thoracic malformations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-021-00548-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T05:02:58Z","timestamp":1613970178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Reference range of fetal thorax using two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound VOCAL technique and application in fetal thoracic malformations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xihua","family":"Lian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhixing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tofunmi","family":"Ejiwale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ayush","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peiya","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shaozheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shunlan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3123-1138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guorong","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"548_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E305","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.327125053","volume":"32","author":"MR Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez MR, de Vega VM, Alonso RC, Arranz JC, Ten PM, Pedregosa JP. 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