{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:47:04Z","timestamp":1767912424749,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Adenoid hypertrophy among orthodontic patients may be detected in lateral cephalograms. The study investigates the aerodynamic characteristics within the upper airway (UA) by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Furthermore, airflow features are compared between subgroups according to the adenoidal nasopharyngeal (AN) ratios.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective study included thirty-five patients aged 9\u201315\u00a0years having both lateral cephalogram and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging that covered the UA region. The cases were divided into two subgroups according to the AN ratios measured on the lateral cephalograms: Group 1 with an AN ratio\u2009&lt;\u20090.6 and Group 2 with an AN ratio\u2009\u2265\u20090.6. Based on the CBCT images, segmented UA models were created and the aerodynamic characteristics at inspiration and expiration were simulated by the CFD method for the two groups. The studied aerodynamic parameters were pressure drop (\u0394P), maximum midsagittal velocity (V<jats:sub>ms<\/jats:sub>), maximum wall shear stress (P<jats:sub>ws<\/jats:sub>), and minimum wall static pressure (P<jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The maximum V<jats:sub>ms<\/jats:sub> exhibits nearly 30% increases in Group 2 at both inspiration (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013) and expiration (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.045) compared to Group 1. For the other aerodynamic parameters such as \u0394P, the maximum P<jats:sub>ws<\/jats:sub>, and minimum P<jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>, no significant difference is found between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The maximum V<jats:sub>ms<\/jats:sub> seems to be the most sensitive aerodynamic parameter for the groups of cases. An AN ratio of more than 0.6 measured on a lateral cephalogram may associate with a noticeably increased maximum V<jats:sub>ms<\/jats:sub>, which could assist clinicians in estimating the airflow features in the UA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-021-00659-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T07:12:04Z","timestamp":1629702724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Aerodynamic characteristics in upper airways among orthodontic patients and its association with adenoid nasopharyngeal ratios in lateral cephalograms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stein Atle","family":"Lie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Hell\u00e9n-Halme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xie-Qi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"659_CR1","first-page":"177","volume":"11","author":"HW Meyer","year":"1868","unstructured":"Meyer HW. 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Informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable as there are no participants\u2019 identifiable data, picture or illustrations that require consent to publish in this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and later versions. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human rights"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"127"}}