{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T16:54:14Z","timestamp":1772643254836,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Image reconstruction algorithm is one of the important factors affecting the quantitative parameters of PET\/CT. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of time of flight (TOF) and point spread function (PSF) on quantitative parameters of lung lesions in <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG PET\/CT.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This retrospective study evaluated 60 lung lesions in 39 patients who had undergone <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) PET\/CT. All lesions larger than 10\u00a0mm in diameter were included in the study. The PET data were reconstructed with a baseline ordered-subsets expectation\u2013maximization (OSEM) algorithm, OSEM\u2009+\u2009PSF, OSEM\u2009+\u2009TOF and OSEM\u2009+\u2009TOF\u2009+\u2009PSF respectively. The differences of maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax), mean standard uptake value (SUVmean), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG)and signal to noise ratio (SNR)were compared among different reconstruction algorithms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Compared with OSEM reconstruction, using OSEM\u2009+\u2009TOF\u2009+\u2009PSF increased SUVmean and SUVmax by 23.73% and 22.71% respectively, and SNR increased by 70.18%, MTV decreased by 23.84% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). The percentage difference was significantly higher in smaller lesions (diameter 10\u201322\u00a0mm) than in larger lesions (diameter 23\u201344\u00a0mm), and significantly higher in low contrast lesions (SNR\u2009\u2264\u200915.31) than in high contrast lesions (SNR\u2009&gt;\u200915.31). The difference of TLG among various reconstruction algorithms is relatively small, the highest value is \u2212\u20096.48% of OSEM\u2009+\u2009TOF\u2009+\u2009PSF, and the lowest value is 0.81% of OSEM\u2009+\u2009TOF.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>TOF and PSF significantly affected the quantitative parameters of lung lesions in <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG PET\/CT. OSEM\u2009+\u2009TOF\u2009+\u2009PSF can significantly increased SUVmax, SUVmean and SNR, and significantly reduce MTV, especially in small lesions and low contrast lesions. TLG can be relatively stable in different reconstruction algorithms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-021-00699-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T08:02:56Z","timestamp":1636790576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Impact of time of flight and point spread function on quantitative parameters of lung lesions in 18F-FDG PET\/CT"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kemin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanlin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weitang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"699_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.079624","volume":"52","author":"T Beyer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beyer T, Czernin J, Freudenberg LS. Variations in clinical PET\/CT operations: results of an international survey of active PET\/CT users. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:303\u201310.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"699_CR2","first-page":"1519","volume":"45","author":"R Boellaard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boellaard R, Krak NC, Hoekstra OS, Lammertsma AA. Effects of noise, image resolution, and ROI definition on the accuracy of standard uptake values: a simulation study. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1519\u201327.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"699_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.054239","volume":"49","author":"C Nahmias","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nahmias C, Wahl LM. Reproducibility of standardized uptake value measurements determined by 18F-FDG PET in malignant tumors. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:1804\u20138.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"699_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2280-z","volume":"40","author":"C Wiele","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wiele C, Kruse V, Smeets P, Sathekge M, Maes A. Predictive and prognostic value of metabolic tumour volume and total lesion glycolysis in solid tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:290\u2013301.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"699_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-016-3520-4","volume":"44","author":"JG Bazan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bazan JG, Duan F, Snyder BS, et al. Metabolic tumor volume predicts overall survival and local control in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer treated in ACRIN 6668\/RTOG 0235. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:17\u201324.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"699_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-016-3475-5","volume":"44","author":"M Gauthe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gauthe M, Richard-Molard M, Fayard J, Alberini JL, Cacheux W, Lievre A. Prognostic impact of tumour burden assessed by metabolic tumour volume on FDG PET\/CT in anal canal cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:63\u201370.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"699_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.107.044834","volume":"49","author":"JS Karp","year":"2008","unstructured":"Karp JS, Surti S, Daube-Witherspoon ME, Muehllehner G. Benefit of time-of-flight in PET:experimental and clinical results. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:462\u201370.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"699_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"064301","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4800806","volume":"40","author":"A Rahmim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rahmim A, Qi J, Sossi V. Resolution modeling in PET imaging: theory, practice, benefits, and pitfalls. Med Phys. 2013;40:064301.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"699_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapisarda E , Bettinardi V, Thiele mans K, Gilar di MC. Image-based point spread function implementation in a fully 3D OSEM reconstruction algorithm for PET. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55:413.","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/14\/012"},{"key":"699_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/5\/1465","volume":"58","author":"J Schaefferkoetter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schaefferkoetter J, Casey M, Townsend D, Fakhri GE. Clinical impact of time-of-flight and point response modeling in PET reconstructions: a lesion detection study. Phys Med Biol. 2013;58:1465\u201378.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"699_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.112.103861","volume":"53","author":"G Akamatsu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Akamatsu G, Ishikawa K, Mitsumoto K, et al. Improvement in PET\/CT image quality with a combination of point-spread function and time-of-flight in relation to reconstruction parameters. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1716\u201322.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"699_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.080382","volume":"52","author":"G El Fakhri","year":"2011","unstructured":"El Fakhri G, Surti S, Trott CM, Scheuermann J, Karp JS. Improvement in lesion detection with whole-body oncologic time-of-flight PET. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:347\u201353.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"699_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.068098","volume":"51","author":"C Lois","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lois C, Jakoby BW, Long MJ, et al. Anassessment of the impact of incorporating time-of-flight information into clinical PET\/CT imaging. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:237\u201345.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"699_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2015.09.006","volume":"46","author":"PJ Slomka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Slomka PJ, Pan T, Germano G. Recent advances and future progress in PET instrumentation. Semin Nucl Med. 2016;46:5\u201319.","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"699_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2015.07.001","volume":"31","author":"E Prieto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prieto E, Mart\u00ed-Climent JM, Mor\u00e1n V, et al. Brain PET imaging optimization with time of flight and point spread function modelling. Phys Med. 2015;31:948\u201355.","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"699_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.06.002","volume":"39","author":"J Pt\u00e1\u010dek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pt\u00e1\u010dek J, Karhan P, Fiala P. Optimal reconstruction matrix and PET image filtration for point-spread function and time-of-flight reconstruction -a phantom study. Phys Med. 2017;39:95\u20139.","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"699_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2015.11.005","volume":"32","author":"O Bertolli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertolli O, Eleftheriou A, Cecchetti M, et al. PET iterative reconstruction incorporating an efficient positron range correction method. Phys Med. 2016;32(2):323\u201330.","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"699_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2018.02.013","volume":"47","author":"S Yamaguchia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamaguchia S, Wagatsumab K, Miwac K, Ishii K, Inoue K, Fukushi M. Bayesian penalized-likelihood reconstruction algorithm suppresses edge artifacts in PET reconstruction based on point-spread-function. Phys Med. 2018;47:73\u20139.","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"699_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.05.029","volume":"93","author":"K Shang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shang K, Cui BX, Ma J, et al. Clinical evaluation of whole-body oncologic PET with time-of-flight andpoint-spreadfunction for the hybrid PET\/MR system. Eur J Radiol. 2017;93:70\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"699_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.09.030","volume":"83","author":"G Akamatsu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akamatsu G, Mitsumoto K, Taniguchi T, Tsutsui Y, Baba S, Sasaki M. Influences of point-spread function and time-of-flight reconstructions on standardized uptake value of lymph node metastases in FDG-PET. Eur J Radiol. 2014;83:226\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"699_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.11.015","volume":"82","author":"FL Andersen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andersen FL, Klausen TL, Loft A, Beyer T, Holm S. Clinical evaluation of PET image reconstruction using a spatial resolution model. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:862\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"699_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.10.018","volume":"84","author":"C Brendle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brendle C, Kupferschl\u00e4ger J, Nikolaou K, la Foug\u00e8re C, Gatidis S, Pfannenberg C. Is the standard uptake value (SUV) appropriate for quantification in clinical PET imaging? Variability induced by different SUV measurements and varying reconstruction methods. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84:158\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"699_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e318251e3d1","volume":"37","author":"C Lasnon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lasnon C, Hicks RJ, Beauregard JM, et al. Impact of point spread function reconstruction on thoracic lymph node staging with 18F-FDG PET\/CT in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2012;37:971\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"699_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-015-0111-5","volume":"5","author":"JM Rogasch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rogasch JM, Steffen IG, Hofheinz F, et al. The association of tumor-to-background ratios and SUVmax deviations related to point spread function and time-of-flight 18F-FDG-PET\/CT reconstruction in colorectal liver metastases. EJNMMI Res. 2015;5:31.","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"699_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2618-1","volume":"41","author":"R Abgral","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abgral R, Keromnes N, Robin P, et al. Prognostic value of volumetric parameters measured by 18F-FDG PET\/CT in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41:659\u201367.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"699_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.133801","volume":"55","author":"K Pak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pak K, Cheon GJ, Nam HY, et al. Prognostic value of metabolic tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis in head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nucl Med. 2014;55:884\u201390.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"699_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-014-0069-8","volume":"4","author":"A Firouzian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Firouzian A, Kelly MD, Declerck JM. Insight on automated lesion delineation methods for PET data. EJNMMI Res. 2014;4:69.","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"699_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-005-1845-5","volume":"32","author":"E Brianzoni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brianzoni E, Rossi G, Ancidei S, et al. Radiotherapy planning: PET\/CT scanner performances in the definition of gross tumour volume and clinical target volume. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2005;32:1392\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"699_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000445","volume":"37","author":"S Sheikhbahaei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sheikhbahaei S, Marcus C, Wray R, Rahmim A, Lodge MA, Subramaniam RM. Impact of point spread function reconstruction on quantitative 18F-FDG-PET\/CT imaging parameters and inter-reader reproducibility in solid tumors. Nucl Med Commun. 2016;37:288\u201396.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"699_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5754-y","volume":"29","author":"A Ketabi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ketabi A, Ghafarian P, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, et al. Impact of image reconstruction methods on quantitative accuracy and variability of FDG-PET volumetric and textural measures in solid tumors. Eur Radiol. 2019;29:2146\u201356.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"699_CR31","first-page":"18","volume":"2","author":"T Carlier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carlier T, Bailly C. State-of-the-art and recent advances in quantification for therapeutic follow-up in oncology using PET. Front Med (Lausanne). 2015;2:18.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"699_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/2197-7364-1-12","volume":"1","author":"JM Rogasch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rogasch JM, Hofheinz F, Lougovski A, et al. The influence of different signal-to-background ratios on spatial resolution and 18F-FDG-PET quantification using point spread function and time-of-flight reconstruction. EJNMMI Phys. 2014;1:12.","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys"},{"key":"699_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-014-0099-3","volume":"1","author":"IS Armstrong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Armstrong IS, Kelly MD, Williams HA, Matthews JC. Impact of point spread function modelling and time of flight on FDG uptake measurements in lung lesions using alternative filtering strategies. EJNMMI Phys. 2014;1:99.","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-021-00699-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-021-00699-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-021-00699-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T08:03:12Z","timestamp":1636790592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-021-00699-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-021-00699-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee at The First People\u2019s Hospital of Foshan. Written informed consent was obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable because all images shown are entirely unidentifiable and there are no identifying information of human participants in the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"169"}}