{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:40:17Z","timestamp":1783593617708,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the distribution of lingual foramina (LF) and their correlation with demographic characteristics and mandible width, shape, and bone thickness in Caucasian Italian patients subjected to cone-beam CT (CBCT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CBCTs were reviewed to assess the number of all LF, midline and lateral LF. We also assessed the relationship of the number of lateral LF with gender and mandibular width, shape, and bone thickness using the Chi Square test. A\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt;\u20090.05 was considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three-hundred\u00a0patients (180 males; age range: 21\u201387\u00a0years) were included. The highest frequency per patient was of 2 LF (97\/300, 32.3%), followed by 3 (81\/300, 27%) and 4 (53\/300, 17.7%). No LF were observed in 2\/300 patients (0.7%), while the highest number was of 8 LF in one patient. The highest frequency of midline LF per person was of 2 LF (57.3%, 172\/300), while the highest number per person was 5 LF in one patient (0.3%). The highest frequency of midline LF located above and below the genial tubercle was of 1 in 197\/300 patients (65.7%) and in 169\/300 patients (56.3%), respectively. Concerning lateral LF, the highest frequencies were of 0 (113\/300, 37.7%) and of 1 (112\/300, 37.3%). We did not observe any significant difference of the number of midline and lateral LF based on gender (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.438 and\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.195, respectively) or mandible width (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.069 and\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.114, respectively). The mandible shape was normal in 188 cases, with facial constriction in 42, lingual constriction in 54, and hour glass constriction in 16. The mean bone thickness was 10.76\u00a0mm in the symphysis, 10.92\u00a0mm in the right hemiarches, and 10.68 in the left hemiarches. No significant differences in the distribution of LF were observed also based on mandibular shape and bone thickness (both with\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u2009.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have shown the high variability of number and anatomic distribution of LF in an Italian group of patients subjected to CBCT without reporting any association with gender and mandible width, shape, and bone thickness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-022-00736-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T14:03:49Z","timestamp":1642687429000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Frequency and anatomic variability of the mandibular lingual foramina: a cone-beam CT study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Silvio","family":"Taschieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Corbella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Silnovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Francetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca Maria","family":"Sconfienza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7989-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"736_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nakajima K, Tagaya A, Otonari-Yamamoto M, Seki K, Araki K, Sano T, et al. 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All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All individuals involved in this study provided written consent to use their imaging data for research purposes.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}