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We aim to evaluate the feasibility of the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) for kinetic parameter estimation and to propose a dynamic chaotic gravitational search algorithm (DCGSA) to enhance parameter estimation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Five-minute dynamic PET\/CT data of 20 HCCs were prospectively enrolled, and the kinetic parameters <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2009~\u2009<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and the hepatic arterial perfusion index (<jats:italic>HPI<\/jats:italic>) were estimated with a dual-input three-compartment model based on nonlinear least squares (NLLS), GSA and DCGSA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results showed that there were significant differences between the HCCs and background liver tissues for <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and the <jats:italic>HPI<\/jats:italic> of NLLS; <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and the <jats:italic>HPI<\/jats:italic> of GSA; and <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and the <jats:italic>HPI<\/jats:italic> of DCGSA. DCGSA had a higher diagnostic performance for <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> than NLLS and GSA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>GSA enables accurate estimation of the kinetic parameters of dynamic PET\/CT in the diagnosis of HCC, and DCGSA can enhance the diagnostic performance.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-022-00742-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T10:02:11Z","timestamp":1644141731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dynamic chaotic gravitational search algorithm-based kinetic parameter estimation of hepatocellular carcinoma on 18F-FDG PET\/CT"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongjin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinglei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaobo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"742_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. 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