{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T01:41:19Z","timestamp":1769046079542,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There are two types of testicular torsion: complete and incomplete. The degree and duration of symptoms of this condition are critical for treatment decision-making, as the consequences for untimely diagnosis and management can be serious. The preoperative assessment of the degree of acute testicular torsion using ultrasonography is particularly important for determining the appropriate intervention. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of high-frequency versus contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in determining the degree of acute testicular torsion.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fifteen patients with clinically diagnosed acute testicular torsion underwent both high-frequency and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. We compared the characteristics of the ultrasonographic images of the testicular parenchyma in both the afflicted and contralateral (healthy) testes to determine the reliability of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in assessing the degree of acute testicular torsion.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The high-frequency ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound diagnosis of 4 complete testicular torsion and 11 incomplete testicular torsion were correct before operation. However, 5 patients with incomplete testicular torsion were misdiagnosed as complete testicular torsion because no blood flow was detected by high frequency ultrasound. Finally, low speed blood flow was detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasound and the diagnosis was corrected. The accuracy of diagnosing incomplete testicular torsion was 100% using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and 66.7% using high-frequency ultrasonography; the difference between the two methods was statistically significant (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20092.50, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography can diagnose testicular torsion with high accuracy and can detect low-velocity blood flow and show microcirculatory blood perfusion in the testicular parenchyma. This can avoid misdiagnosing incomplete testicular torsion as complete, thus averting unnecessary orchiectomy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-022-00953-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T13:07:22Z","timestamp":1671282442000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to assess the degree of acute testicular torsion: a case series"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"953_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2000.00106.x","volume":"86","author":"PM Cuckow","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cuckow PM, Frank JD. Torsion of the testis. BJU Int. 2000;86(3):349\u201353.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"953_CR2","volume-title":"Clinical analysis of testicular torsion in three hospitals of Gansu Province (report of 128 cases attached","author":"KN Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen KN. Clinical analysis of testicular torsion in three hospitals of Gansu Province (report of 128 cases attached. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University Press; 2019."},{"key":"953_CR3","first-page":"345","volume":"41","author":"XF Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen XF, Zhang W, Deng BH, Deng W, Wang D, Zou Y. Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of testicular torsion in 85 cases. Int J Urol Nephrol. 2021;41:345\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"953_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn101070-20191228-01309","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Zhang Q, Guo LH, Wang L, Liu Y, Liu N, et al. Analysis of the reasons for preserving prolonged testicular torsion in children and the choice of contralateral testicular management. Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn101070-20191228-01309.","journal-title":"Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"953_CR5","first-page":"3057","volume":"26","author":"JM Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo JM, Gao H, Yi X, Li X, Zuo Q, Han W, et al. Application advances of ultrasound and ultrasound elastography in testicular diseases in children. Med Recapitul. 2020;26:3057\u201361.","journal-title":"Med Recapitul"},{"key":"953_CR6","first-page":"88","volume":"32","author":"BX Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang BX, Xia B, Lin Z, et al. The diagnostic value of ultrasound and its clinical significance in torsion of the undescended testis in children. Chin J Ultrasound Med. 2016;32:88\u201391.","journal-title":"Chin J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"953_CR7","first-page":"503","volume":"19","author":"JP Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu JP, Liu GL, Zhao SP. Value of ultrasound in diagnosis of incomplete orchiocatabasis with testicular torsion in children. J Clin Ultrasound Med. 2017;19:503\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"953_CR8","first-page":"2354","volume":"42","author":"ZB Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen ZB, Su HQ, Zhang X, Qin M, Liao H, Tan Z, et al. Application value of high-frequency color Doppler ultrasound combined with superb microvascular imaging technology for incomplete testicular torsion. Guangxi Med J. 2020;42:2354\u20136.","journal-title":"Guangxi Med J"},{"key":"953_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-018-4093-0","volume":"48","author":"AN Bandarkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bandarkar AN, Blask AR. Testicular torsion with preserved flow: key sonographic features and value-added approach to diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol. 2018;48:735\u201344.","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"953_CR10","first-page":"464","volume":"27","author":"XY Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li XY, Xu B, Yu J, Ye J. Ultrasound diagnosis of acute testicular insufficiency in children. Chin J Med Imaging. 2019;27:464\u20135.","journal-title":"Chin J Med Imaging"},{"key":"953_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rx.2016.11.004","volume":"59","author":"C Sang\u00fcesa Nebot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sang\u00fcesa Nebot C, Llorens Salvador R, Pic\u00f3 Aliaga S. Garc\u00e9s I\u00f1igo E. Perinatal testicular torsion: ultrasound assessment and differential diagnosis. Radiologia. 2017;59:391\u2013400.","journal-title":"Radiologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"953_CR12","first-page":"696","volume":"22","author":"MH Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen MH, Yan K, Dai Y. Guidelines for the application of contrast-enhanced liver ultrasound (China) (revised in 2012). Chin J Ultrasonogr. 2013;22(8):696\u2013722.","journal-title":"Chin J Ultrasonogr"},{"issue":"5","key":"953_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1159\/000447670","volume":"25","author":"L Chiorean","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiorean L, Tana C, Braaden B, et al. Advantages and limitations of focal liver lesion assessment with ultrasound contrast agents: comments on the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) Guidelines. Med Princ Pract. 2016;25(5):399\u2013407.","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"953_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217599","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217599","volume":"14","author":"J Rennert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rennert J, Wiesinqer I, Schicho A, et al. Color coded perfusion imaging with contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for post interventional success control following transarterial chemoembolization(TACE) of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(6):e0217599.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"953_CR15","first-page":"21466","volume":"8","author":"JJ Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu JJ, Li HX, Chen ZB, et al. Consistency analysis of contrast enhanced ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT in diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(11):21466\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"953_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2017.06.121","volume":"72","author":"MA Nielsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nielsen MA, Bull J, Culpan AM, et al. Preoperative sentinel lymph node identification, biopsy and localisation using contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Radiol. 2017;72(11):959\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"953_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167.e9-16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2018.10.004","volume":"74","author":"M Daneshi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daneshi M, Yusuf GT, Fang C, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) nephrostogram: utility and accuracy as an alternative to fluoroscopic imaging of the urinary tract. Clin Radiol. 2019;74(2):167.e9-16.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-022-00953-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-022-00953-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-022-00953-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T13:07:46Z","timestamp":1671282466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-022-00953-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-022-00953-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Each of the subjects and\/or their representatives was instructed on the purpose of the study and signed an informed consent form.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval\u00a0and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"220"}}