{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T06:17:11Z","timestamp":1759990631607,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA093373-18S4","R01CA249422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA093373-18S4","R01CA249422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Total-body positron emission tomography\/computed tomography (PET\/CT) scanners are characterized by higher signal collection efficiency and greater spatial resolution compared to conventional scanners, allowing for delayed imaging and improved image quality. These advantages may also lead to better detection of physiological processes that diagnostic imaging professionals should be aware of. The gallbladder (GB) is not usually visualized as an <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-2-fluorodeoxyglucose (<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG)-avid structure in routine clinical PET\/CT studies; however, with the total-body PET\/CT, we have been increasingly visualizing GB activity without it being involved in an inflammatory or neoplastic process. The aim of this study was to report visualization rates and characteristics of GB <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG uptake observed in both healthy and oncological subjects scanned on a total-body PET\/CT system.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Scans from 73 participants (48 healthy and 25 with newly diagnosed lymphoma) who underwent <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG total-body PET\/CT were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects were scanned at multiple timepoints up to 3\u00a0h post-injection. Gallbladder <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG activity was graded using liver uptake as a reference, and the pattern was qualified as present in the wall, lumen, or both. Participants\u2019 characteristics, such as age, sex, body-mass index, blood glucose, and other clinical parameters, were collected to assess for any significant correlation with GB <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG uptake.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All 73 subjects showed GB uptake at one or more imaging timepoints. An increase in uptake intensity overtime was observed up until the 180-min scan, and the visualization rate of GB <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG uptake was 100% in the 120- and 180-min post-injection scans. GB wall uptake was detected in a significant number of patients (44\/73, 60%), especially at early timepoint scans, whereas luminal activity was detected in 71\/73 (97%) subjects, especially at later timepoint scans. No significant correlation was found between GB uptake intensity\/pattern and subjects\u2019 characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The consistent observation of GB <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG uptake recorded in this study in healthy participants and subjects with a new oncological diagnosis indicates that this is a normal physiologic finding rather than representing an exception.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-022-00957-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T16:03:34Z","timestamp":1673366614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["18F-FDG gallbladder uptake: observation from a total-body PET\/CT scanner"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Calabro\u2019","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasser G.","family":"Abdelhafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth K. A.","family":"Triumbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Moon S.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Albano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Cassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bertagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Dondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon R.","family":"Cherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramsey D.","family":"Badawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Nardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"957_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.245035725","volume":"24","author":"L Kostakoglu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kostakoglu L, Hardoff R, Mirtcheva R, Goldsmith SJ. PET-CT fusion imaging in differentiating physiologic from pathologic FDG uptake. Radiographics. 2004;24(5):1411\u201331.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"10","key":"957_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02984683","volume":"20","author":"A Oe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oe A, Kawabe J, Torii K, Kawamura E, Higashiyama S, Kotani J, Hayashi T, Kurooka H, Tsumoto C, Kubo S, et al. Distinguishing benign from malignant gallbladder wall thickening using FDG-PET. Ann Nucl Med. 2006;20(10):699\u2013703.","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"957_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002044","volume":"43","author":"X Bai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bai X, Wang X, Zhuang H. FDG accumulation in the lumen of the gallbladder without related pathology. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(5):383\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"957_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4103\/wjnm.WJNM_82_19","volume":"19","author":"RP Hussain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hussain RP, Nausheen S, Ahmed N, Mahmood T. Benign uptake of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the gallbladder on positron emission tomography-computed tomography. World J Nucl Med. 2020;19(3):288\u201390.","journal-title":"World J Nucl Med"},{"key":"957_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2020.01.003","volume":"61","author":"K Asmar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asmar K, El Amine MA, Bejjani A, Makki M, Tamim H, Abi-Ghanem AS. Factors influencing incidental (18)F-FDG uptake in the gallbladder in a large cohort of patients: a retrospective study. Clin Imaging. 2020;61:43\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"957_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2007.07.006","volume":"34","author":"Y Murata","year":"2007","unstructured":"Murata Y, Watanabe H, Kubota K, Toda K, Nakamura S, Okouchi K, Shibuya H. PET\/CT evaluation of the physiologic accumulation of 18F-FDG within the gallbladder vesicle. Nucl Med Biol. 2007;34(8):961\u20136.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"957_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05536-4","volume":"49","author":"V Nadig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nadig V, Herrmann K, Mottaghy FM, Schulz V. Hybrid total-body pet scanners-current status and future perspectives. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022;49(2):445\u201359.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"957_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.250597","volume":"62","author":"BA Spencer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spencer BA, Berg E, Schmall JP, Omidvari N, Leung EK, Abdelhafez YG, Tang S, Deng Z, Dong Y, Lv Y, et al. Performance evaluation of the uEXPLORER total-body PET\/CT scanner based on NEMA NU 2\u20132018 with additional tests to characterize PET scanners with a long axial field of view. J Nucl Med. 2021;62(6):861\u201370.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"957_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2343-9","volume":"40","author":"G Cheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheng G, Torigian DA, Zhuang H, Alavi A. When should we recommend use of dual time-point and delayed time-point imaging techniques in FDG PET? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40(5):779\u201387.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"957_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpet.2015.07.003","volume":"11","author":"S Houshmand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Houshmand S, Salavati A, Segtnan EA, Grupe P, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, Alavi A. Dual-time-point imaging and delayed-time-point fluorodeoxyglucose-PET\/computed tomography imaging in various clinical settings. PET Clin. 2016;11(1):65\u201384.","journal-title":"PET Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"957_CR11","first-page":"871","volume":"43","author":"A Matthies","year":"2002","unstructured":"Matthies A, Hickeson M, Cuchiara A, Alavi A. Dual time point 18F-FDG PET for the evaluation of pulmonary nodules. J Nucl Med. 2002;43(7):871\u20135.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"957_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpet.2020.09.006","volume":"16","author":"L Nardo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nardo L, Abdelhafez YG, Spencer BA, Badawi RD. Clinical implementation of total-body PET\/CT at University of California, Davis. PET Clin. 2021;16(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"PET Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"957_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpet.2020.09.010","volume":"16","author":"L Nardo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nardo L, Pantel AR. Oncologic applications of long axial field-of-view PET\/computed tomography. PET Clin. 2021;16(1):65\u201373.","journal-title":"PET Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"957_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2022.01.002","volume":"52","author":"QK Ng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ng QK, Triumbari EKA, Omidvari N, Cherry SR, Badawi RD, Nardo L. Total-body PET\/CT\u2014first clinical experiences and future perspectives. Semin Nucl Med. 2022;52(3):330\u20139.","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"957_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.266065004","volume":"26","author":"OW Hamer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamer OW, Aguirre DA, Casola G, Lavine JE, Woenckhaus M, Sirlin CB. Fatty liver: imaging patterns and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2006;26(6):1637\u201353.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"957_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4930987","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4930987","volume":"2016","author":"MM Wells","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wells MM, Li Z, Addeman B, McKenzie CA, Mujoomdar A, Beaton M, Bird J. Computed tomography measurement of hepatic steatosis: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in a Canadian population. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2016:4930987.","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"957_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.226498","volume":"60","author":"RD Badawi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Badawi RD, Shi H, Hu P, Chen S, Xu T, Price PM, Ding Y, Spencer BA, Nardo L, Liu W, et al. First human imaging studies with the EXPLORER total-body PET scanner. J Nucl Med. 2019;60(3):299\u2013303.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"957_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhafez YG, McBride KM, Leung EK, Hunt HH, Spencer BA, Lopez JE, Atsina K, Li EJ, Wang G, Cherry SR et al. Blanching defects at the pressure points: observations from dynamic total-body PET\/CT studies. J Nucl Med Technol. 2022.","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.122.263905"},{"key":"957_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derlin T, Spencer BA, Mamach M, Abdelhafez Y, Nardo L, Badawi RD, Cherry SR, Bengel FM. Exploring vessel wall biology in vivo by ultra-sensitive total-body positron emission tomography. J Nucl Med. 2022.","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264550"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"957_CR20","first-page":"34","volume":"11","author":"YG Abdelhafez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelhafez YG, Omidvari N, Spencer BA, Badawi RD, Cherry SR, Nardo L. Initial evaluation of 18F-FDG biodistribution in healthy and oncology subjects scanned using the uEXPLORER total-body PET\/CT. Insights Imaging. 2020;11(Suppl 1):34.","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"957_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262668","volume":"63","author":"G Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang G, Nardo L, Parikh M, Abdelhafez YG, Li E, Spencer BA, Qi J, Jones T, Cherry SR, Badawi RD. Total-body PET multiparametric imaging of cancer using a voxelwise strategy of compartmental modeling. J Nucl Med. 2022;63(8):1274\u201381.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"957_CR22","unstructured":"Jones MW, Small K, Kashyap S, Deppen JG. Physiology, gallbladder. StatPearls. 2021."},{"issue":"3","key":"957_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C785","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00118.2002","volume":"283","author":"AI Masyuk","year":"2002","unstructured":"Masyuk AI, Masyuk TV, Tietz PS, Splinter PL, LaRusso NF. Intrahepatic bile ducts transport water in response to absorbed glucose. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002;283(3):C785-791.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"957_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.237446","volume":"61","author":"JR Barrio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barrio JR, Huang SC, Satyamurthy N, Scafoglio CS, Yu AS, Alavi A, Krohn KA. Does 2-FDG PET accurately reflect quantitative in vivo glucose utilization? J Nucl Med. 2020;61(6):931\u20137.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"957_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00055.2009","volume":"91","author":"EM Wright","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wright EM, Loo DD, Hirayama BA. Biology of human sodium glucose transporters. Physiol Rev. 2011;91(2):733\u201394.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"957_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-010-0439-x","volume":"25","author":"A Toriihara","year":"2011","unstructured":"Toriihara A, Yoshida K, Umehara I, Shibuya H. Normal variants of bowel FDG uptake in dual-time-point PET\/CT imaging. Ann Nucl Med. 2011;25(3):173\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"key":"957_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vangu MDT, Momodu JI. F-18 FDG PET\/CT imaging in normal variants, pitfalls and artifacts in the abdomen and pelvis. Front Nuclear Med. 2022. 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnume.2021.826109"},{"issue":"3","key":"957_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1448824","volume":"29","author":"SA Nehmeh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nehmeh SA, Erdi YE, Ling CC, Rosenzweig KE, Squire OD, Braban LE, Ford E, Sidhu K, Mageras GS, Larson SM, et al. Effect of respiratory gating on reducing lung motion artifacts in PET imaging of lung cancer. Med Phys. 2002;29(3):366\u201371.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"supplement 1","key":"957_CR29","first-page":"35","volume":"62","author":"L Shiyam Sundar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shiyam Sundar L, Iommi D, Spencer B, Wang Q, Cherry S, Beyer T, Badawi R. Data-driven motion compensation using cGAN for total-body [18F]FDG-PET imaging. J Nucl Med. 2021;62(supplement 1):35.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"957_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.248856","volume":"62","author":"LK Shiyam Sundar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shiyam Sundar LK, Iommi D, Muzik O, Chalampalakis Z, Klebermass EM, Hienert M, Rischka L, Lanzenberger R, Hahn A, Pataraia E, et al. Conditional generative adversarial networks aided motion correction of dynamic (18)F-FDG PET brain studies. J Nucl Med. 2021;62(6):871\u20139.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-022-00957-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-022-00957-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-022-00957-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T16:07:24Z","timestamp":1673366844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-022-00957-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-022-00957-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2342"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The University of California, Davis Institutional Review Board approved the study protocols (#1341792, #1714742 and #1470016) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study was performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"UC Davis has a revenue-sharing agreement with United Imaging Healthcare. RDB, SRC, and LN and are investigators on a research grant funded by United Imaging Healthcare. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article exist. LN is site Principal Investigator of clinical trials supported by Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. LN is site Principal Investigator of a clinical trial supported by Telix Pharmaceuticals. LN is site Principal Investigator a clinical trial supported by Lantheus Medical Imaging. LN is site Principal Investigator of a clinical trials supported by General Electric Healthcare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9"}}