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However, manual segmentation is time-consuming. This paper utilized U-Net and its improved methods to automatically segment thyroid nodules and glands.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 5822 ultrasound images used in the experiment came from two centers, 4658 images were used as the training dataset, and 1164 images were used as the independent mixed test dataset finally. Based on U-Net, deformable-pyramid split-attention residual U-Net (DSRU-Net) by introducing ResNeSt block, atrous spatial pyramid pooling, and deformable convolution v3 was proposed. This method combined context information and extracts features of interest better, and had advantages in segmenting nodules and glands of different shapes and sizes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>DSRU-Net obtained 85.8% mean Intersection over Union, 92.5% mean dice coefficient and 94.1% nodule dice coefficient, which were increased by 1.8%, 1.3% and 1.9% compared with U-Net.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our method is more capable of identifying and segmenting glands and nodules than the original method, as shown by the results of correlational studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-023-01011-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T18:02:12Z","timestamp":1681495332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Segmentation of thyroid glands and nodules in ultrasound images using the improved U-Net architecture"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tianlei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2968-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1011_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2019.101555","volume":"58","author":"T Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu T, Guo Q, Lian C, Ren X, Liang S, Yu J, Niu L, Sun W, Shen D. 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The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the AHXMU in China(XYFY2021-KL096-1). This study was conducted at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, a Grade III Level A hospital in China. After review by the Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, the study did not exceed the minimum risk and the use of subject information by the investigator would not adversely affect the subjects. Therefore, the study was agreed to be carried out in accordance to the reviewed clinical research plan, and informed patient consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"56"}}