{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T21:56:00Z","timestamp":1769550960822,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Changzhou Sci & Tech Program","award":["CJ20210169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CJ20210169"]}]},{"name":"Changzhou Sci & Tech Program","award":["CJ20210169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CJ20210169"]}]},{"name":"Changzhou Sci & Tech Program","award":["CJ20210169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CJ20210169"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The use of the apparent transverse relaxation rate (R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has not been previously reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> value in evaluating response to concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with NPC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Forty-one patients with locoregionally advanced NPC confirmed by pathology were examined by blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after CCRT, and conventional MRI was performed 3 months after the completion of CCRT. All patients were divided into a responding group (RG) and a nonresponding group (NRG), according to MRI findings 3 months after the end of treatment. The R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> values before (R2*<jats:sub>preT<\/jats:sub>) and after (R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>postT<\/jats:sub>) CCRT and the \u0394R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> (\u0394R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>=R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>postT<\/jats:sub> \u2013 R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>preT<\/jats:sub>) were calculated in the tumor.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among the 41 patients, 26 were in the RG and 15 were in the NRG. There was no statistical difference in the R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>preT<\/jats:sub> between RG and NRG (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.307); however, there were significant differences in R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>postT<\/jats:sub> and \u0394R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The area under the curve of R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup><jats:sub>postT<\/jats:sub> and \u0394R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> for predicting the therapeutic response of NPC was 0.897 and 0.954, respectively, with cutoff values of 40.95 and 5.50\u00a0Hz, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The R2<jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup> value can be used as a potential imaging indicator to evaluate the therapeutic response of locoregionally advanced NPC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-023-01029-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T12:02:23Z","timestamp":1685620943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Can the apparent transverse relaxation rate (R2*) evaluate the efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma? a preliminary experience"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yunzhu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1029_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","volume":"68","author":"F Bray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394\u2013424.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"1029_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.03237","volume":"39","author":"YP Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen YP, Ismaila N, Chua MLK, Colevas AD, Haddad R, Huang SH, et al. Chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy for definitive-intent treatment of stage II-IVA nasopharyngeal carcinoma: CSCO and ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39:840\u201359.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1029_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-016-0167-2","volume":"35","author":"YP Mao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mao YP, Tang LL, Chen L, Sun Y, Qi ZY, Zhou GQ, et al. Prognostic factors and failure patterns in non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma after intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Chin J Cancer. 2016;35:103.","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer"},{"key":"1029_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S140462","volume":"13","author":"K Graham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Graham K, Unger E. Overcoming tumor hypoxia as a barrier to radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Int J Nanomedicine. 2018;13:6049\u201358.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"1029_CR5","first-page":"6449","volume":"49","author":"P Vaupel","year":"1989","unstructured":"Vaupel P, Kallinowski F, Okunieff P. Blood flow, oxygen and nutrient supply, and metabolic microenvironment of human tumors: a review. Cancer Res. 1989;49:6449\u201365.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"1029_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0431-y","volume":"17","author":"AR Padhani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Padhani AR, Krohn KA, Lewis JS, Alber M. Imaging oxygenation of human tumours. Eur Radiol. 2007;17:861\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1029_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14829","volume":"112","author":"H Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin H, Qiu X, Shan Y, You B, Xie L, Zhang P, et al. HIF-1alpha downregulation of mir-433-3p in adipocyte-derived exosomes contributes to NPC progression via targeting SCD1. Cancer Sci. 2021;112:1457\u201370.","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"1029_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaupel P. The role of hypoxia-induced factors in tumor progression. Oncologist. 2004;9;Suppl 5:10 \u2013 7.","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.9-90005-10"},{"key":"1029_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e328344f527","volume":"23","author":"S Rottey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rottey S, Madani I, Deron P, Van Belle S. Modern treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current status and prospects. Curr Opin Oncol. 2011;23:254\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Oncol"},{"key":"1029_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.05.032","volume":"380","author":"J Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu J, Tang M, Li H, Xu Z, Weng X, Li J, et al. EBV-LMP1 suppresses the DNA damage response through DNA-PK\/AMPK signaling to promote radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2016;380:191\u2013200.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"1029_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-38810-6_11","volume":"923","author":"P Vaupel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vaupel P, Mayer A. Tumor hypoxia: causative mechanisms, microregional heterogeneities, and the role of tissue-based hypoxia markers. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;923:77\u201386.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"1029_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98508-5","volume":"11","author":"MK Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee MK, Choi Y, Jung SL. Diffusion-weighted MRI for predicting treatment response in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11:18986.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1029_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-021-00428-0","volume":"21","author":"DW Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao DW, Fan WJ, Meng LL, Luo YR, Wei J, Liu K, et al. Comparison of the pre-treatment functional MRI metrics\u2019 efficacy in predicting locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma response to induction chemotherapy. Cancer Imaging. 2021;21:59.","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"1029_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2021.07.003","volume":"83","author":"AWL Mui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mui AWL, Lee AWM, Lee VHF, Ng WT, Vardhanabhuti V, Man SSY, et al. Prognostic and therapeutic evaluation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE), diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Magn Reson Imaging. 2021;83:50\u20136.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"1029_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.8932","volume":"200","author":"JC Wakefield","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wakefield JC, Downey K, Kyriazi S, DeSouza NM. New MR techniques in gynecologic cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200:249\u201360.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1029_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2020.09.009","volume":"31","author":"AA Chaudhry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chaudhry AA, Naim S, Gul M, Chaudhry A, Chen M, Jandial R, et al. Utility of preoperative blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional MR imaging in patients with a central nervous system neoplasm. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2021;31:93\u2013102.","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"1029_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c58","DOI":"10.1159\/000090610","volume":"103","author":"PV Prasad","year":"2006","unstructured":"Prasad PV. Evaluation of intra-renal oxygenation by BOLD MRI. Nephron Clin Pract. 2006;103:c58\u201365.","journal-title":"Nephron Clin Pract"},{"key":"1029_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010111143","volume":"22","author":"T Inoue","year":"2011","unstructured":"Inoue T, Kozawa E, Okada H, Inukai K, Watanabe S, Kikuta T, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of kidney hypoxia and fibrosis using magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:1429\u201334.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1029_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2017.04.014","volume":"42","author":"MP Luttje","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luttje MP, van Buuren LD, Luijten PR, van Vulpen M, van der Heide UA, Klomp DWJ. Towards intrinsic R2* imaging in the prostate at 3 and 7tesla. Magn Reson Imaging. 2017;42:16\u201321.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"1029_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0000000000000215","volume":"28","author":"CJ Conklin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conklin CJ, Middleton DM, Mohamed FB. Fundamentals of preoperative task functional brain mapping. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2019;28:205\u201312.","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"1029_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S112299","volume":"11","author":"ME Hall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hall ME, Jordan JH, Juncos LA, Hundley WG, Hall JE. BOLD magnetic resonance imaging in nephrology. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2018;11:103\u201312.","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"},{"key":"1029_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3167-0","volume":"24","author":"CK Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim CK, Park SY, Park BK, Park W, Huh SJ. Blood oxygenation level-dependent MR imaging as a predictor of therapeutic response to concurrent chemoradiotherapy in cervical cancer: a preliminary experience. Eur Radiol. 2014;24:1514\u201320.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1029_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2021.03.004","volume":"29","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Chen Q, Zhang J, Pan L, Zha T, Zhang Y, et al. Value of T2 mapping in the dynamic evaluation of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Acad Radiol. 2022;29:376\u201381.","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"1029_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180642","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180642","volume":"92","author":"JPB O\u2019Connor","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor JPB, Robinson SP, Waterton JC. Imaging tumour hypoxia with oxygen-enhanced MRI and BOLD MRI. Br J Radiol. 2019;92:20180642.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"1029_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2017.18.1.238","volume":"18","author":"M Seo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seo M, Ryu JK, Jahng GH, Sohn YM, Rhee SJ, Oh JH, et al. Estimation of T2* relaxation time of breast cancer: correlation with clinical, imaging and pathological features. Korean J Radiol. 2017;18:238\u201348.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"1029_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.196570","volume":"130","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu M, Jin ML. Blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging of breast cancer: correlation with carbonic anhydrase IX and vascular endothelial growth factor. Chin Med J (Engl). 2017;130:71\u20136.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"1029_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07359-7","volume":"31","author":"YX Ge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ge YX, Hu SD, Wang Z, Guan RP, Zhou XY, Gao QZ, et al. Feasibility and reproducibility of T2 mapping and DWI for identifying malignant lymph nodes in rectal cancer. Eur Radiol. 2021;31:3347\u201354.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1029_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.19.21668","volume":"214","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Shen Y, Hu X, Li Z, Feng C, Hu D, et al. Application of R2* and apparent diffusion coefficient in estimating tumor grade and T category of bladder cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;214:383\u20139.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1029_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670156","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.670156","volume":"11","author":"Y Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng Y, Luo Y, Hu X, Shen Y, Hu D, Li Z, et al. Quantitative T2*-weighted imaging and reduced field-of-view diffusion-weighted imaging of rectal cancer: correlation of R2* and apparent diffusion coefficient with histopathological prognostic factors. Front Oncol. 2021;11:670156.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"1029_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11040583","volume":"11","author":"M van der Heijden","year":"2019","unstructured":"van der Heijden M, de Jong MC, Verhagen CVM, de Roest RH, Sanduleanu S, Hoebers F, et al. Acute hypoxia profile is a stronger prognostic factor than chronic hypoxia in advanced stage head and neck cancer patients. Cancers (Basel). 2019;11:583.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"1029_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002088","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-002088","volume":"9","author":"DP Zandberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zandberg DP, Menk AV, Velez M, Normolle D, Depeaux K, Liu A, et al. Tumor hypoxia is associated with resistance to PD-1 blockade in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Immunother Cancer. 2021;9:e002088.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"1029_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1919","volume":"15","author":"CJ Galb\u00e1n","year":"2009","unstructured":"Galb\u00e1n CJ, Chenevert TL, Meyer CR, Tsien C, Lawrence TS, Hamstra DA, et al. The parametric response map is an imaging biomarker for early cancer treatment outcome. Nat Med. 2009;15:572\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1029_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12694","volume":"62","author":"JG Belliveau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belliveau JG, Bauman GS, Macdonald D, Macdonald M, Klassen LM, Menon RS. Apparent transverse relaxation (R2*) on MRI as a method to differentiate treatment effect (pseudoprogression) versus progressive disease in chemoradiation for malignant glioma. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2018;62:224\u201331.","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-023-01029-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-023-01029-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-023-01029-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T12:06:17Z","timestamp":1685621177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-023-01029-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-023-01029-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the ethics committee of Changzhou Cancer Hospital of Soochow University (No. 2022-SY-017). All patients provided written informed consent for participation in this study. All procedures were conducted in accordance with guidelines and regulations laid down by the Institutional Review Board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"69"}}