{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:32:50Z","timestamp":1777620770024,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Province Traditional Chinese medicine science and technology project","award":["2023ZL392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZL392"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To investigate the predictive value of the CT features of adrenal pheochromocytoma (PCC) for invasive behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>From November 2009 to December 2021 at Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University, the clinical and CT data of 148 patients with 163 lesions confirmed by surgery and pathology were retrospectively analysed. The cases were divided into an invasive group and a noninvasive group on the basis of the surgical and pathological results; 27 lesions in 26 patients were classified into the invasive group, whereas 136 lesions in 122 patients were classified into the noninvasive group. Clinical data such as patient age, sex, clinical symptoms, intraoperative blood pressure fluctuations and CT data such as the mean lesion diameter, shape, boundary, calcification, streak sign, and necrosis\/cystic degeneration area were compared between the two groups. The density of the solid components of the lesions in the nonenhanced image, arterial phase, and venous phase were measured, and the degree of enhancement, percentage and difference in the degree of enhancement in the different phases were calculated and compared between the two groups statistically.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There were statistically significant differences in the mean diameter, shape, border, streak sign, and tumour blood vessels between the invasive group and the noninvasive group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). There was no significant difference in tumour calcification, the proportion or distribution of necrosis\/cystic degeneration, or the fluid level in cystic degeneration between the two groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). There were significant differences in the density and degree of enhancement of the solid component of the tumour in the arterial phase and venous phase, as well as the percentage of enhancement in the venous phase, between the two groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). There were no significant differences in the density of the solid components of the tumour on nonenhanced images, the degree of enhancement between the arterial phase and the venous phase, or the percentage of enhancement of the lesions in the arterial phase (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The areas under the ROC curves of the arterial-phase density, venous-phase density, arterial-phase enhancement degree, venous-phase enhancement degree, and venous-phase enhancement percentage were 0.618, 0.641, 0.618, 0.639, and 0.635, respectively. The density, enhancement degree and enhancement percentage of the venous phase can be used for discrimination.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Pheochromocytoma with unclear borders, visible tumour blood vessels, and enhancement with the streak sign has predictive value for invasive behaviour, whereas a greater degree of enhancement of the solid component indicates that the tumour has no invasive behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-025-01827-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T14:57:30Z","timestamp":1752505050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CT features predict tumour invasion of adrenal pheochromocytoma: a retrospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sisi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongli","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boke","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengsu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1827_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Araujo-Castro M, Ojeda CM, Santos VGD, Sanjuanbenito A, Ram\u00edrez JG, Mercander E, et al. Surgical outcomes of partial adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-025-09962-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-025-09962-9"},{"key":"1827_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2025.101977","volume":"39","author":"A Fischer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fischer A, del Rivero J, Wang K, N\u00f6lting S, Jimenez C. Systemic therapy for patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Best Pr Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025;39:101977.","journal-title":"Best Pr Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1827_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000001792","volume":"50","author":"L Fishbein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fishbein L, Rivero JD, Else T, Howe JR, Asa SL, Cohen DL, et al. The North American neuroendocrine tumor society consensus guidelines for surveillance and management of metastatic and\/or unresectable pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Pancreas. 2021;50:469\u201393.","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"1827_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1498","volume":"99","author":"JWM Lenders","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lenders JWM, Duh Q-Y, Eisenhofer G, Gimenez-Roqueplo A-P, Grebe SKG, Murad MH, et al. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:1915\u201342.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1827_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-017-9484-5","volume":"28","author":"AK Lam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lam AK. Update on adrenal tumours in 2017 world health organization (WHO) of endocrine tumours. Endocr Pathol. 2017;28:213\u201327.","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"1827_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.21.26918","volume":"219","author":"R Chung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chung R, O\u2019Shea A, Sweeney AT, Mercaldo ND, McDermott S, Blake MA. Hereditary and sporadic pheochromocytoma: comparison of imaging, clinical, and laboratory features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2022;219:97\u2013109.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1827_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.07.027","volume":"29","author":"S Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma S, Fishbein L. Diagnosis and management of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: A guide for the clinician. Endocr Pr. 2023;29:999\u20131006.","journal-title":"Endocr Pr"},{"key":"1827_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-021-00274-6","volume":"20","author":"AC Meijs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meijs AC, Snel M, Corssmit EPM. Pheochromocytoma\/paraganglioma crisis: case series from a tertiary referral center for pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Hormones. 2021;20:395\u2013403.","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"1827_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E447","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1377498","volume":"46","author":"A de Vries","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Vries A, Poley J-W. Hypertensive crisis after endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the right adrenal gland. Endoscopy. 2014;46:E447\u20138.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"1827_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.03.046","volume":"60","author":"KP Asher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asher KP, Gupta GN, Boris RS, Pinto PA, Linehan WM, Bratslavsky G. Robot-Assisted laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma: the National Cancer Institute technique. Eur Urol. 2011;60:118\u201324.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"1827_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2020.04.012","volume":"110","author":"LDR Thompson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thompson LDR, Gill AJ, Asa SL, Clifton-Bligh RJ, de Krijger RR, Kimura N, et al. Data set for the reporting of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: explanations and recommendations of the guidelines from the international collaboration on Cancer reporting. Hum Pathol. 2021;110:83\u201397.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"1827_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-021-02622-9","volume":"23","author":"R Garcia-Carbonero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia-Carbonero R, Teresa FM, Mercader-Cidoncha E, Mitjavila-Casanovas M, Robledo M, Tena I, et al. Multidisciplinary practice guidelines for the diagnosis, genetic counseling and treatment of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Clin Transl Oncol. 2021;23:1995\u20132019.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"1827_CR13","first-page":"271","volume":"54","author":"N Aygun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aygun N, Uludag M. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: from clinical findings to diagnosis. M\u00e9d Bull Sisli Etfal Hosp. 2020;54:271\u201380.","journal-title":"M\u00e9d Bull Sisli Etfal Hosp"},{"key":"1827_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.24si045506","volume":"24 suppl1","author":"MA Blake","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blake MA, Kalra MK, Maher MM, Sahani DV, Sweeney AT, Mueller PR, et al. Pheochromocytoma: an imaging chameleon. Radiographics. 2004;24 suppl1:S87\u201399.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"1827_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-16-0086","volume":"5","author":"K Khadilkar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khadilkar K, Sarathi V, Kasaliwal R, Pandit R, Goroshi M, Malhotra G, et al. Predictors of malignancy in patients with pheochromocytomas\/paragangliomas: Asian Indian experience. Endocr Connect. 2016;5:89\u201397.","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"1827_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-024-01350-0","volume":"24","author":"R Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang R, Lin T, Chen M, Li X, Guo H. Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging features to differentiate adrenal pheochromocytoma from adrenal tumors with positive biochemical testing results. BMC M\u00e9d Imaging. 2024;24:175.","journal-title":"BMC M\u00e9d Imaging"},{"key":"1827_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-023-01106-2","volume":"23","author":"D Xiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao D, Zhong J, Peng J, Fan C, Wang X, Wen X, et al. Machine learning for differentiation of lipid-poor adrenal adenoma and subclinical pheochromocytoma based on multiphase CT imaging radiomics. BMC M\u00e9d Imaging. 2023;23:159.","journal-title":"BMC M\u00e9d Imaging"},{"key":"1827_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rednam SP, Kamihara J, Becktell KD, Brodeur GM, States LJ, Voss SD, et al. Update on tumor surveillance for children with hereditary pheochromocytoma\/paraganglioma syndromes. Clin cancer Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-4354.","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-4354"},{"key":"1827_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berends AMA, Wardenaar R, Bos H, van den, Tijhuis AE, Links TP, et al. Single-cell chromosome and bulk transcriptome analysis as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between localized and metastatic pheochromocytoma and sympathetic paraganglioma. Oncogene. 2025;44:2547\u201360.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-025-03391-3"},{"key":"1827_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alkaissi H, Taieb D, Lin FI, Rivero JD, Wang K, Clifton-Bligh R, et al. Approach to the patient with metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf259.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf259"},{"key":"1827_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09710-8","volume":"33","author":"O Mete","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mete O, Erickson LA, Juhlin CC, de Krijger RR, Sasano H, Volante M, et al. Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of adrenal cortical tumors. Endocr Pathol. 2022;33:155\u201396.","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"1827_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-020-0531-0","volume":"43","author":"A Tanabe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanabe A, Naruse M. Recent advances in the management of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Hypertens Res. 2020;43:1141\u201351.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"1827_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13434","volume":"87","author":"O Hamidi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamidi O, Young WF, Gruber L, Smestad J, Yan Q, Ponce OJ, et al. Outcomes of patients with metastatic Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol. 2017;87:440\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"1827_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000724","volume":"29","author":"S Talvacchio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Talvacchio S, Nazari MA, Pacak K. Supportive management of patients with pheochromocytoma\/paraganglioma undergoing noninvasive treatment. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2022;29:294\u2013301.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"1827_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ21-0611","volume":"69","author":"M Anno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anno M, Izawa S, Fujioka Y, Matsuzawa K, Saito K, Hikita K, et al. Retroperitoneal paraganglioma with loss of heterozygosity of the von Hippel\u2013Lindau gene: a case report and review of the literature. Endocr J. 2022;69:1137\u201347.","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"1827_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000251887.01885.54","volume":"24","author":"N Reisch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reisch N, Peczkowska M, Januszewicz A, Neumann HP. Pheochromocytoma: presentation, diagnosis and treatment. J Hypertens. 2006;24:2331\u20139.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1827_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000330","volume":"24","author":"A Roman-Gonzalez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roman-Gonzalez A, Jimenez C. Malignant pheochromocytoma\u2013paraganglioma: pathogenesis, TNM staging, and current clinical trials. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2017;24:174\u201383.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"1827_CR28","first-page":"769","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Y, Li M, Deng H, Pang Y, Liu L, Guan X. The systems of metastatic potential prediction in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Am J cancer Res. 2020;10:769\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J cancer Res"},{"key":"1827_CR29","first-page":"0","volume":"0","author":"G Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma G, Du J, Zhang X, Liu J, Xu X, Xu B, et al. Quantitative analysis of 68 Ga-DOTA(0)-Tyr(3)-octreotate positron emission tomography\/computed tomography imaging for the differential diagnosis of primary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2022;0:0\u20130.","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"1827_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-06622-z","volume":"51","author":"Q He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He Q, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Zhang B, Long Y, Zhang Y, et al. Head-to-head comparison between [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NOC and [18F]DOPA PET\/CT in a diverse cohort of patients with pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2024;51:1989\u20132001.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"1827_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2119-7","volume":"39","author":"JB Maurice","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maurice JB, Troke R, Win Z, Ramachandran R, Al-Nahhas A, Naji M, et al. A comparison of the performance of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET\/CT and 123I-MIBG SPECT in the diagnosis and follow-up of Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39:1266\u201370.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"1827_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00404","author":"H Lim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lim H, Hwang SG, Lee YJ, Mun S, Oh S, Kang CM, et al. Comprehensive Head-to-Head study between Meta[211At]astato-benzylguanidine and with Meta[131I]iodo-benzylguanidine in pheochromocytoma. Mol Pharm. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00404.","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"1827_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-8051(96)00065-0","volume":"23","author":"S Maurea","year":"1996","unstructured":"Maurea S, Lastoria S, Carac\u00f2 C, Klain M, Varrella P, Acampa W, et al. The role of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs in adrenal imaging. Nucl Med Biol. 1996;23:677\u201380.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Biol"},{"key":"1827_CR34","unstructured":"Lastoria S, Maurea S, Vergara E, Acampa W, Varrella P, Klain M et al. Comparison of labeled MIBG and somatostatin analogs in imaging neuroendocrine tumors. Q J Nucl Med: Off Publ Ital Assoc Nucl Med (AIMN) Int Assoc Radiopharm (IAR). 1995;39 4 Suppl 1:145\u20139."},{"key":"1827_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-012-0624-1","volume":"26","author":"S Maurea","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maurea S, Cuocolo A, Imbriaco M, Pellegrino T, Fusari M, Cuocolo R, et al. Imaging characterization of benign and malignant pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma: comparison between MIBG uptake and MR signal intensity ratio. Ann Nucl Med. 2012;26:670\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"key":"1827_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2013.0017","volume":"13","author":"S Maurea","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maurea S, Fiumara G, Pellegrino T, Zampella E, Assante R, Mainenti P, et al. MIBG molecular imaging for evaluating response to chemotherapy in patients with malignant pheochromocytoma: preliminary results. Cancer Imaging. 2013;13:155\u201361.","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"1827_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000005139","volume":"49","author":"Y Ruike","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruike Y, Suzuki S, Yokote K. Increasing catecholamine secretion through NPY in pheochromocytomas with False-Negative 123I-MIBG scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med. 2024;49:419\u201326.","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"1827_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02324","volume":"103","author":"D Ta\u00efeb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ta\u00efeb D, Jha A, Guerin C, Pang Y, Adams KT, Chen CC, et al. 18F-FDOPA PET\/CT imaging of MAX-Related pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103:1574\u201382.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01827-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01827-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01827-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T09:05:41Z","timestamp":1757235941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01827-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01827-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University. All procedures were performed according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Since this was a retrospective study and anonymised data were evaluated, informed consent was waived by our institutional ethics committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"NA.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"281"}}