{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T12:11:26Z","timestamp":1773144686923,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81871343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["BE2021693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2021693"]}]},{"name":"Key Medical Research Project of the Jiangsu Provincial Health","award":["K2024006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2024006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-025-01929-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:37:30Z","timestamp":1758883050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Heterogeneity phenotypes in recurrent glioblastoma: a multimodal MRI-based spatial mapping framework for precision treatment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ranchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuefeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1929_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenthal M, Clement PM, Campone M, Gil-Gil MJ, DeGroot J, Chinot O, Idbaih A, Gan H, Raizer J, Wen PY et al. Buparlisib plus carboplatin or lomustine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: a phase ib\/ii, open-label, multicentre, randomised study. ESMO Open. 2020;5(4).","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2020-000672"},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11776-4","volume":"24","author":"S Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao S, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Wu J, Dai H. Anlotinib alone or in combination with bevacizumab in the treatment of recurrent high-grade glioma: a prospective single-arm, open-label phase II trial. BMC Cancer. 2024;24(1):6.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"1929_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan Y, Li J, Gong X, Zhu H, Li C, Mei G, Liu X, Pan L, Dai J, Wang Y et al. Safety and efficacy of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy with anlotinib targeted therapy for glioblastoma at the first recurrence: a preliminary report. Brain Sci. 2022;12(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040471"},{"key":"1929_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone A, Colamaria A, Fochi NP, Sacco M, Landriscina M, Parbonetti G, de Notaris M, Coppola G, De Santis E, Giordano G et al. Recurrent glioblastoma treatment: state of the art and future perspectives in the precision medicine era. Biomedicines. 2022;10(8).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081927"},{"issue":"3","key":"1929_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002903","volume":"95","author":"D Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim D, Lee JH, Kim N, Lim DH, Song JH, Suh CO, Wee CW, Kim IA. Optimizing recurrent glioblastoma salvage treatment: a multicenter study integrating genetic biomarkers from the Korean radiation oncology group (21\u2009\u2013\u200902). Neurosurgery. 2024;95(3):584\u201395.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"10","key":"1929_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03774-7","volume":"73","author":"G Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo G, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Wang D, Xu S, Liu G, Gao Y, Mei J, Yan Z, Zhao R, et al. Predicting recurrent glioblastoma clinical outcome to immune checkpoint inhibition and low-dose bevacizumab with tumor in situ fluid circulating tumor DNA analysis. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2024;73(10):193.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76826-8","volume":"14","author":"M Kirishima","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kirishima M, Yokoyama S, Akahane T, Higa N, Uchida H, Yonezawa H, Matsuo K, Yamamoto J, Yoshimoto K, Hanaya R, et al. Prognosis prediction via histological evaluation of cellular heterogeneity in glioblastoma. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):24955.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1929_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-021-03917-1","volume":"156","author":"A Dono","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dono A, Zhu P, Holmes E, Takayasu T, Zhu JJ, Blanco AI, Hsu S, Bhattacharjee MB, Ballester LY, Kim DH, et al. Impacts of genotypic variants on survival following reoperation for recurrent glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2022;156(2):353\u201363.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"1929_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furqan M, Elliott RJR, Nagle PWK, Dawson JC, Masalmeh R, Garcia VA, Munro AF, Drake C, Morrison GM, Pollard SM et al. Drug combinations targeting FAK and MEK overcomes tumor heterogeneity in glioblastoma. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(5).","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17050549"},{"key":"1929_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh N, Chatterjee D, Datta A. Tumor heterogeneity and resistance in glioblastoma: the role of stem cells. Apoptosis. 2025.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-025-02123-y"},{"key":"1929_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medikonda R, Abikenari M, Schonfeld E, Lim M. The metabolic orchestration of immune evasion in glioblastoma: from molecular perspectives to therapeutic vulnerabilities. Cancers (Basel.) 2025;17(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17111881"},{"key":"1929_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagley SJ, Desai AS, Fraietta JA, Silverbush D, Chafamo D, Freeburg NF, Gopikrishna GK, Rech AJ, Nabavizadeh A, Bagley LJ et al. Intracerebroventricular bivalent CAR T cells targeting EGFR and IL-13Ralpha2 in recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 1 trial. Nat Med. 2025.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03824-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-230486","volume":"41","author":"X Fei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fei X, Wu J, Tian H, Jiang D, Chen H, Yan K, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Chen H, Xie X, et al. Glioma stem cells remodel immunotolerant microenvironment in GBM and are associated with therapeutic advancements. Cancer Biomark. 2024;41(1):1\u201324.","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark"},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02223-w","volume":"10","author":"J Korleski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Korleski J, Sall S, Luly KM, Johnson MK, Johnson AL, Khela H, Lal B, Taylor TC, Ashby JM, Alonso H, et al. Multipronged SMAD pathway targeting by lipophilic poly(beta-amino ester) miR-590-3p NanomiRs inhibits mesenchymal glioblastoma growth and prolongs survival. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025;10(1):145.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04841-4","volume":"15","author":"N Masud","year":"2025","unstructured":"Masud N, Hasib MHH, Ibironke B, Block C, Hughes J, Ekpenyong A, Sarkar A. Exploring the heterogeneity in glioblastoma cellular mechanics using in-vitro assays and atomic force microscopy. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):19302.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1929_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107826","volume":"97","author":"P Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin P, Jiang H, Zhao YJ, Pang JS, Liao W, He Y, Lin ZY, Yang H. Increased infiltration of CD8 T cells in recurrent glioblastoma patients is a useful biomarker for assessing the response to combined bevacizumab and lomustine therapy. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;97:107826.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"1929_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dadario NB, Boyett DM, Teasley DE, Chabot PJ, Winans NJ, Argenziano MG, Sperring CP, Canoll P, Bruce JN. Unveiling the inflammatory landscape of recurrent glioblastoma through histological-based assessments. Cancers (Basel). 2024;16(19).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16193283"},{"issue":"9","key":"1929_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2021.11.008","volume":"29","author":"A Feng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feng A, Yuan P, Huang T, Li L, Lyu J. Distinguishing tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis in treated glioblastoma using multiparametric MRI. Acad Radiol. 2022;29(9):1320\u201331.","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1929_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2023.08.007","volume":"51","author":"G Bathla","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bathla G, Dhruba DD, Soni N, Liu Y, Larson NB, Kassmeyer BA, Mohan S, Roberts-Wolfe D, Rathore S, Le NH, et al. AI-based classification of three common malignant tumors in neuro-oncology: a multi-institutional comparison of machine learning and deep learning methods. J Neuroradiol. 2024;51(3):258\u201364.","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1929_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2203073","volume":"22","author":"AM Eraky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eraky AM, Beck RT, Treffy RW, Aaronson DM, Hedayat H. Role of advanced MR imaging in diagnosis of neurological malignancies: current status and future perspective. J Integr Neurosci. 2023;22(3):73.","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"1929_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.07.001","volume":"20","author":"Z Kong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kong Z, Yan C, Zhu R, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang R, Feng F, Ma W. Imaging biomarkers guided anti-angiogenic therapy for malignant gliomas. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;20:51\u201360.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"1929_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chernov AN, Skliar SS, Yatskou MM, Skakun VV, Pyurveev SS, Batotsyrenova EG, Zheregelya SN, Liu G, Kashuro VA, Ivanov DO et al. Glioblastoma and blood microenvironment predictive model for life expectancy of patients. Biomedicines. 2025;13(5).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13051040"},{"issue":"8","key":"1929_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-2556","volume":"26","author":"N Beig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beig N, Bera K, Prasanna P, Antunes J, Correa R, Singh S, Saeed Bamashmos A, Ismail M, Braman N, Verma R, et al. Radiogenomic-based survival risk stratification of tumor habitat on Gd-T1w MRI is associated with biological processes in glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26(8):1866\u201376.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"1929_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi SW, Cho HH, Koo H, Cho KR, Nenning KH, Langs G, Furtner J, Baumann B, Woehrer A, Cho HJ et al. Multi-Habitat radiomics unravels distinct phenotypic subtypes of glioblastoma with clinical and genomic significance. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(7).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071707"},{"issue":"17","key":"1929_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01579","volume":"41","author":"G Youssef","year":"2023","unstructured":"Youssef G, Rahman R, Bay C, Wang W, Lim-Fat MJ, Arnaout O, Bi WL, Cagney DN, Chang YS, Cloughesy TF, et al. Evaluation of standard response assessment in neuro-oncology, modified response assessment in neuro-oncology, and immunotherapy response assessment in neuro-oncology in newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(17):3160\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1929_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez-Torres MDM, Balana C, Fuster-Garcia E, Puig J, Garcia-Gomez JM. Unlocking Bevacizumab\u2019s Potential: rCBV(max) as a predictive biomarker for enhanced survival in glioblastoma IDH-wildtype patients. Cancers (Basel). 2023;16(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16010161"},{"key":"1929_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo H, Cho KR, Song SE, Cho Y, Jung SP, Sung K. Tumor heterogeneity of breast cancer assessed with computed tomography texture analysis: association with disease-free survival and clinicopathological prognostic factor. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(23).","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13233569"},{"issue":"4","key":"1929_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00895-9","volume":"29","author":"AU Lindner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lindner AU, Salvucci M, McDonough E, Cho S, Stachtea X, O\u2019Connell EP, Corwin AD, Santamaria-Pang A, Carberry S, Fichtner M, et al. An atlas of inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of apoptosis competency in colorectal cancer tissue at single-cell resolution. Cell Death Differ. 2022;29(4):806\u201317.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2018.05.001","volume":"128","author":"M Lambrecht","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lambrecht M, Eekers DBP, Alapetite C, Burnet NG, Calugaru V, Coremans IEM, Fossati P, Hoyer M, Langendijk JA, Mendez Romero A, et al. Radiation dose constraints for organs at risk in neuro-oncology; the European particle therapy network consensus. Radiother Oncol. 2018;128(1):26\u201336.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"1929_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2023.102588","volume":"109","author":"L Manco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manco L, Vega K, Maffei N, Gutierrez MV, Cenacchi E, Bernabei A, Bruni A, D\u2019Angelo E, Meduri B, Lohr F, et al. Validation of raystation Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm for multiple LINACs. Phys Med. 2023;109:102588.","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1929_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa120","volume":"22","author":"M Schell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schell M, Pfluger I, Brugnara G, Isensee F, Neuberger U, Foltyn M, Kessler T, Sahm F, Wick A, Nowosielski M, et al. Validation of diffusion MRI phenotypes for predicting response to bevacizumab in recurrent glioblastoma: post-hoc analysis of the EORTC-26101 trial. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(11):1667\u201376.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1929_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-023-04444-x","volume":"164","author":"T Zeyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zeyen T, Paech D, Weller J, Schafer N, Tzaridis T, Duffy C, Nitsch L, Schneider M, Potthoff AL, Steinbach JP, et al. Undetected pseudoprogressions in the CeTeG\/NOA-09 trial: hints from postprogression survival and MRI analyses. J Neurooncol. 2023;164(3):607\u201316.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1929_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now311","volume":"19","author":"R Gahrmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gahrmann R, van den Bent M, van der Holt B, Vernhout RM, Taal W, Vos M, de Groot JC, Beerepoot LV, Buter J, Flach ZH, et al. Comparison of 2D (RANO) and volumetric methods for assessment of recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab-a report from the BELOB trial. Neuro Oncol. 2017;19(6):853\u201361.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"1929_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertolini G, Trombini T, Zenesini C, Mazza S, Dascola I, Pavarani A, Michiara M, Ceccon G, Peluso A, Calamo Specchia FM et al. Prognostic impact of second surgical resection in IDH wildtype recurrent glioblastoma following chemo-radiation therapy: a propensity score analysis cohort study. J Neurooncol. 2025.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-05096-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-024-02585-9","volume":"47","author":"MA Habibi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Habibi MA, Ghorbani M, Esmaeilian S, Tajvidi F, Nekutalaban P, Boskabadi AR, Alemi F, Zafari R, Mirjani MS, Eazi S, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery versus combined stereotactic radiosurgery and bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma; a systematic review and meta-analysis of survival. Neurosurg Rev. 2024;47(1):323.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"1929_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seetharam D, Chandar J, Ramsoomair CK, Desgraves JF, Alvarado Medina A, Hudson AJ, Amidei A, Castro JR, Govindarajan V, Wang S et al. Activating antiviral immune responses potentiates immune checkpoint Inhibition in glioblastoma models. J Clin Invest. 2025;135(6).","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI183745"},{"key":"1929_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2018.08.019","volume":"130","author":"I Popp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Popp I, Bott S, Mix M, Oehlke O, Schimek-Jasch T, Nieder C, Nestle U, Bock M, Yuh WTC, Meyer PT, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI and ADC versus FET-PET and GdT1w-MRI for gross tumor volume (GTV) delineation in re-irradiation of recurrent glioblastoma. Radiother Oncol. 2019;130:121\u201331.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38542-7","volume":"13","author":"P Solar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Solar P, Valekova H, Marcon P, Mikulka J, Barak M, Hendrych M, Stransky M, Siruckova K, Kostial M, Holikova K, et al. Classification of brain lesions using a machine learning approach with cross-sectional ADC value dynamics. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):11459.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1929_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.12.028","volume":"380","author":"N Jhaveri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jhaveri N, Chen TC, Hofman FM. Tumor vasculature and glioma stem cells: contributions to glioma progression. Cancer Lett. 2016;380(2):545\u201351.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01115-0","volume":"9","author":"GP Cribaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cribaro GP, Saavedra-Lopez E, Romarate L, Mitxitorena I, Diaz LR, Casanova PV, Roig-Martinez M, Gallego JM, Perez-Valles A, Barcia C. Three-dimensional vascular microenvironment landscape in human glioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2021;9(1):24.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"1929_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae205","volume":"27","author":"T Zeyen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeyen T, Bohm L, Paech D, Schafer N, Tzaridis T, Duffy C, Nitsch L, Schneider M, Potthoff AL, Schneider-Rothhaar JL, et al. Quantitative assessment of residual tumor is a strong and independent predictor of survival in methylated glioblastoma following radiochemotherapy with lomustine\/temozolomide. Neuro Oncol. 2025;27(2):557\u201366.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1929_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.4.JNS172909","volume":"131","author":"M Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma M, Schroeder JL, Elson P, Meola A, Barnett GH, Vogelbaum MA, Suh JH, Chao ST, Mohammadi AM, Stevens GHJ, et al. Outcomes and prognostic stratification of patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with salvage stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg. 2019;131(2):489\u201399.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1929_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2021.1884648","volume":"38","author":"HM Witte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Witte HM, Riecke A, Steinestel K, Schulz C, Kuchler J, Gebauer N, Tronnier V, Leppert J. The addition of chloroquine and bevacizumab to standard radiochemotherapy for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Br J Neurosurg. 2024;38(2):404\u201310.","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-023-04524-y","volume":"166","author":"JF Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang JF, Okai B, Iovoli A, Goulenko V, Attwood K, Lim J, Hess RM, Abad AP, Prasad D, Fenstermaker RA. Bevacizumab and gamma knife radiosurgery for first-recurrence glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2024;166(1):89\u201398.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1929_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6091","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.16121","volume":"42","author":"JH Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park JH, Lee HS, Choi JW, Lim SD, Koh HK, Cho KR, Cho J, Koh YC, Yoon SY. Clinical benefit of bevacizumab and Irinotecan (BEV\u2009+\u2009IRI) in patients with relapsed\/refractory glioblastoma (r\/rGBM) and its potential predictors. Anticancer Res. 2022;42(12):6091\u20138.","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1929_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0055-2","volume":"98","author":"C Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen C, He ZC, Shi Y, Zhou W, Zhang X, Xiao HL, Wu HB, Yao XH, Luo WC, Cui YH, et al. Microvascular fractal dimension predicts prognosis and response to chemotherapy in glioblastoma: an automatic image analysis study. Lab Invest. 2018;98(7):924\u201334.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"1929_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now258","volume":"19","author":"N Colwell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colwell N, Larion M, Giles AJ, Seldomridge AN, Sizdahkhani S, Gilbert MR, Park DM. Hypoxia in the glioblastoma microenvironment: shaping the phenotype of cancer stem-like cells. Neuro Oncol. 2017;19(7):887\u201396.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1929_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47985-z","volume":"15","author":"C Pichol-Thievend","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pichol-Thievend C, Anezo O, Pettiwala AM, Bourmeau G, Montagne R, Lyne AM, Guichet PO, Deshors P, Ballestin A, Blanchard B, et al. VC-resist glioblastoma cell state: vessel co-option as a key driver of chemoradiation resistance. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):3602.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1929_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatto L, Franceschi E, Tosoni A, Di Nunno V, Tonon C, Lodi R, Agati R, Bartolini S, Brandes AA. Beyond imaging and genetic signature in glioblastoma: radiogenomic holistic approach in neuro-oncology. Biomedicines. 2022;10(12).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123205"},{"key":"1929_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00042","volume":"10","author":"G Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu G, Rao M, Zhu P, Liang B, El-Nazer RT, Fonkem E, Bhattacharjee MB, Zhu JJ. Triple-drug therapy with bevacizumab, irinotecan, and temozolomide plus tumor treating fields for recurrent glioblastoma: a retrospective study. Front Neurol. 2019;10:42.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1929_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4094","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM01996E","volume":"11","author":"Z Nozhat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nozhat Z, Heydarzadeh S, Shahriari-Khalaji M, Wang S, Iqbal MZ, Kong X. Advanced biomaterials for human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) drug delivery. Biomater Sci. 2023;11(12):4094\u2013131.","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1929_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy066","volume":"20","author":"A Stadlbauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stadlbauer A, Zimmermann M, Doerfler A, Oberndorfer S, Buchfelder M, Coras R, Kitzwogerer M, Roessler K. Intratumoral heterogeneity of oxygen metabolism and neovascularization uncovers 2 survival-relevant subgroups of IDH1 wild-type glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2018;20(11):1536\u201346.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01929-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01929-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01929-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:37:34Z","timestamp":1758883054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01929-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01929-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted according to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethics committee of Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University (Approval No. YDFY20200021); \/Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University (Approval No. SWYXLL20200136)\/ Affiliated People\u2019s Hospital of Jiangsu University (Approval No. ZJYRY2020341) approved this prospective study, and all participants provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent for publication was given by the Ethic\u2019s Review Board of Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, the Ethic\u2019s Review Board of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, and the Ethic\u2019s Review Board of the Affiliated People\u2019s Hospital of Jiangsu University. All patients included in this study consented in the publication of the data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"386"}}