{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T19:25:43Z","timestamp":1778181943614,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patellar tracking in isolated patellofemoral pain needs further confirmation under dynamic conditions. The present study aimed to analyze the characteristics of patellar tracking and tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG\n                      <jats:sub>dynamic<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) distance during active knee motion in patients with isolated patellofemoral pain (PFP) via dynamic kinematic computed tomography (DKCT), and clarify whether the abnormal patellar tracking and TT-TG\n                      <jats:sub>dynamic<\/jats:sub>\n                      distance are associated with isolated PFP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 47 knees with isolated PFP and 47 control knees were scanned with DKCT. The TT-TG\n                      <jats:sub>dynamic<\/jats:sub>\n                      distance, bisect offset (BO) index, lateral patellar tilt (LPT), and patellotrochlear index (PTI) were evaluated. All parameters were analyzed by two-factor repeated measures ANOVA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the two groups, the TT-TG\n                      <jats:sub>dynamic<\/jats:sub>\n                      distance, BO index, LPT, and PTI varied with the knee flexion angle (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). Between the two groups, the variation trends of TT-TG\n                      <jats:sub>dynamic<\/jats:sub>\n                      distance and BO index were consistent (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.131, 0.284, respectively), while those of LPT and PTI were significantly different (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001, &lt;0.001, respectively). The BO index and LPT were significantly higher in the PFP group than those in the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002, &lt;0.001, respectively), and the PTI was significantly lower in the PFP group than that in the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001), whereas the TT-TG\n                      <jats:sub>dynamic<\/jats:sub>\n                      distance showed no significant difference between the two groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.631).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Abnormal lateral patellar displacement, tilt and patellar alta occurred in the absence of increased TT-TG\n                      <jats:sub>dynamic<\/jats:sub>\n                      distance in isolated PFP without trochlear dysplasia. Etiologic analysis of isolated PFP should emphasize lateral patellar tracking and patellar height.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-025-01999-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:57:03Z","timestamp":1762343823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lateral patellar maltracking and patellar alta in the absence of increased TT-TGdynamic distance in isolated patellofemoral pain: a dynamic kinematic CT study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yurou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Furong","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1999_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520926448","volume":"49","author":"C Grant","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grant C, Fick CN, Welsh J, McConnell J, Sheehan FT. A word of caution for future studies in patellofemoral pain: A systematic review with Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49:538\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546520926448.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR2","first-page":"7","volume":"1","author":"M Berruto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berruto M, Ferrua P, Carimati G, Uboldi F, Gala L. Patellofemoral instability: classification and imaging. Joints. 2013;1:7\u201314.","journal-title":"Joints"},{"key":"1999_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Earl JE, Vetter CS. Patellofemoral pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2007;18:439\u201358, viii. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.05.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.05.004"},{"key":"1999_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2004.12.006","volume":"12","author":"MR Utting","year":"2005","unstructured":"Utting MR, Davies G, Newman JH. Is anterior knee pain a predisposing factor to patellofemoral osteoarthritis? Knee. 2005;12:362\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2004.12.006.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"1999_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658401200410","volume":"12","author":"JA Moretz","year":"1984","unstructured":"Moretz JA, Harlan SD, Goodrich J, Walters R. Long-term followup of knee injuries in high school football players. Am J Sports Med. 1984;12:298\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658401200410.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519889347","volume":"48","author":"CN Fick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fick CN, Grant C, Sheehan FT. Patellofemoral pain in adolescents: Understanding patellofemoral morphology and its relationship to maltracking. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48:341\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546519889347.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515622456","volume":"44","author":"MS Rathleff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rathleff MS, Rathleff CR, Olesen JL, Rasmussen S, Roos EM. Is knee pain during adolescence a Self-limiting condition? Prognosis of patellofemoral pain and other types of knee pain. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:1165\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546515622456.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wittstein JR, Bartlett EC, Easterbrook J, Byrd JC. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of patellofemoral malalignment. arthrosc J arthrosc relat Surg off publ arthrosc assoc N am int arthrosc assoc. 2006;22:643\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2006.03.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2006.03.005"},{"key":"1999_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Laprade J, Culham E. Radiographic measures in subjects who are asymptomatic and subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin Orthop. 2003;172\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.blo.0000079269.91782.f5.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000079269.91782.f5"},{"key":"1999_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.00674","volume":"88","author":"NJ MacIntyre","year":"2006","unstructured":"MacIntyre NJ, Hill NA, Fellows RA, Ellis RE, Wilson DR. Patellofemoral joint kinematics in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. JBJS. 2006;88:2596\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.E.00674.","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"key":"1999_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01552649","volume":"2","author":"H Dejour","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dejour H, Walch G, Nove-Josserand L, Guier C. Factors of patellar instability: an anatomic radiographic study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1994;2:19\u201326.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"1999_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-005-0668-z","volume":"14","author":"JS Escala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Escala JS, Mellado JM, Olona M, Gin\u00e9 J, Saur\u00ed A, Neyret P. Objective patellar instability: MR-based quantitative assessment of potentially associated anatomical features. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA. 2006;14:264\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-005-0668-z.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA"},{"key":"1999_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512472441","volume":"41","author":"MD Charles","year":"2013","unstructured":"Charles MD, Haloman S, Chen L, Ward SR, Fithian D, Afra R. Magnetic resonance imaging-based topographical differences between control and recurrent patellofemoral instability patients. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:374\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546512472441.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B10.27205","volume":"93","author":"AP Monk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Monk AP, Doll HA, Gibbons CLMH, Ostlere S, Beard DJ, Gill HS, et al. The patho-anatomy of patellofemoral subluxation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93:1341\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.93B10.27205.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"1999_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2012.0301","volume":"42","author":"CM Powers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Powers CM, Bolgla LA, Callaghan MJ, Collins N, Sheehan FT. Patellofemoral pain: proximal, distal, and local factors, 2nd international research retreat. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42:A1\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2012.0301.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"1999_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12549","volume":"11","author":"SB Rosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosa SB, Ewen PM, Doma K, Ferrer JFL, Grant A. Dynamic evaluation of patellofemoral instability: A clinical reality or just a research field? A literature review. Orthop Surg. 2019;11:932\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/os.12549.","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"1999_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4216-9","volume":"24","author":"MJ Tanaka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanaka MJ, Elias JJ, Williams AA, Demehri S, Cosgarea AJ. Characterization of patellar maltracking using dynamic kinematic CT imaging in patients with patellar instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA. 2016;24:3634\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-016-4216-9.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA"},{"key":"1999_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202161","volume":"13","author":"Z Xue","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xue Z, Pei Z, Zhang H, Tang C, Jia J, Zhang K, et al. Development of an innovative measurement method for patellar tracking disorder. Aging. 2020;13:516\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.202161.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"1999_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.09.008","volume":"101","author":"A Blum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blum A, Gillet R, Rauch A, Urbaneja A, Biouichi H, Dodin G, et al. 3D reconstructions, 4D imaging and postprocessing with CT in musculoskeletal disorders: Past, present and future. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2020;101:693\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diii.2020.09.008.","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Imaging"},{"key":"1999_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.03.015","volume":"31","author":"MJ Tanaka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tanaka MJ, Elias JJ, Williams AA, Carrino JA, Cosgarea AJ. Correlation between changes in tibial Tuberosity-Trochlear groove distance and patellar position during active knee extension on dynamic kinematic computed tomographic imaging. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2015;31:1748\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.03.015.","journal-title":"Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg"},{"key":"1999_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.06.037","volume":"32","author":"AA Williams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams AA, Elias JJ, Tanaka MJ, Thawait GK, Demehri S, Carrino JA, et al. The relationship between tibial Tuberosity-Trochlear groove distance and abnormal patellar tracking in patients with unilateral patellar instability. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2016;32:55\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.06.037.","journal-title":"Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg"},{"key":"1999_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519895246","volume":"48","author":"MJ Best","year":"2020","unstructured":"Best MJ, Tanaka MJ, Demehri S, Cosgarea AJ. Accuracy and reliability of the visual assessment of patellar tracking. Am J Sports Med. 2020;48:370\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546519895246.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102973","author":"AG Culvenor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Culvenor AG, van Middelkoop M, Macri EM, Crossley KM. Is patellofemoral pain preventable? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102973. :bjsports-2020-102973.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-005-0015-4","volume":"14","author":"RM Biedert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Biedert RM, Albrecht S. The patellotrochlear index: a new index for assessing patellar height. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA. 2006;14:707\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-005-0015-4.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA"},{"key":"1999_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15:155\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012.","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"1999_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013;4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863"},{"key":"1999_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514563904","volume":"43","author":"RN Steensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steensen RN, Bentley JC, Trinh TQ, Backes JR, Wiltfong RE. The prevalence and combined prevalences of anatomic factors associated with recurrent patellar dislocation: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:921\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546514563904.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050702","volume":"9","author":"C Muhle","year":"1999","unstructured":"Muhle C, Brossmann J, Heller M. Kinematic CT and MR imaging of the patellofemoral joint. Eur Radiol. 1999;9:508\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003300050702.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1999_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2357-z","volume":"22","author":"TJ Dietrich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dietrich TJ, Betz M, Pfirrmann CWA, Koch PP, Fucentese SF. End-stage extension of the knee and its influence on tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance (TTTG) in asymptomatic volunteers. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA. 2014;22:214\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-012-2357-z.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA"},{"key":"1999_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-2905-9","volume":"22","author":"JJ Elias","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elias JJ, Carrino JA, Saranathan A, Guseila LM, Tanaka MJ, Cosgarea AJ. Variations in kinematics and function following patellar stabilization including tibial tuberosity realignment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA. 2014;22:2350\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-014-2905-9.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA"},{"key":"1999_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.09.020","volume":"34","author":"CJ Burke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burke CJ, Kaplan D, Block T, Chang G, Jazrawi L, Campbell K, et al. Clinical utility of continuous radial magnetic resonance imaging acquisition at 3 T in Real-time patellofemoral kinematic assessment: A feasibility study. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2018;34:726\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.09.020.","journal-title":"Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg"},{"key":"1999_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2019.08.011","volume":"26","author":"MJ Tanaka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tanaka MJ, D\u2019Amore T, Elias JJ, Thawait G, Demehri S, Cosgarea AJ. Anteroposterior distance between the tibial tuberosity and trochlear groove in patients with patellar instability. Knee. 2019;26:1278\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2019.08.011.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"1999_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516679139","volume":"45","author":"VR Carlson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carlson VR, Boden BP, Sheehan FT. Patellofemoral kinematics and tibial Tuberosity-Trochlear groove distances in female adolescents with patellofemoral pain. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:1102\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546516679139.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516681002","volume":"45","author":"VR Carlson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carlson VR, Boden BP, Shen A, Jackson JN, Yao L, Sheehan FT. The tibial Tubercle-Trochlear groove distance is greater in patients with patellofemoral pain: implications for the origin of pain and clinical interventions. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:1110\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546516681002.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanchis-Alfonso V, Merchant AC. Iatrogenic medial patellar instability: an avoidable Injury. arthrosc J arthrosc relat Surg off publ arthrosc assoc N am int arthrosc assoc. 2015;31:1628\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.01.028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2015.01.028"},{"key":"1999_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400613","volume":"24","author":"RJ Naranja","year":"1996","unstructured":"Naranja RJ, Reilly PJ, Kuhlman JR, Haut E, Torg JS. Long-term evaluation of the Elmslie-Trillat-Maquet procedure for patellofemoral dysfunction. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:779\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354659602400613.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/s0968-0160(01)00105-3","volume":"8","author":"A Kumar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kumar A, Jones S, Bickerstaff DR, Smith TW. Functional evaluation of the modified Elmslie-Trillat procedure for patello-femoral dysfunction. Knee. 2001;8:287\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0968-0160(01)00105-3.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"1999_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palmer SH, Servant CTJ, Maguire J, Machan S, Parish EN, Cross MJ. Surgical reconstruction of severe patellofemoral maltracking. Clin Orthop. 2004;144\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003086-200402000-00023.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200402000-00023"},{"key":"1999_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.2873","volume":"39","author":"M-H Jan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jan M-H, Lin D-H, Lin C-HJ, Lin Y-F, Cheng C-K. The effects of quadriceps contraction on different patellofemoral alignment subtypes: an axial computed tomography study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39:264\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2009.2873.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"1999_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232596712211185","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221118561","volume":"10","author":"Z Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu Z, Zhao P, Song Y, Wang H, Zhou A, Yu J-K. Reliability of the tibial tubercle-Roman arch distance for evaluating tibial tubercle malposition and predicting patellar dislocation via magnetic resonance imaging. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10:23259671221118561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671221118561.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3829-8","volume":"25","author":"C Becher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Becher C, Fleischer B, Rase M, Schumacher T, Ettinger M, Ostermeier S, et al. Effects of upright weight bearing and the knee flexion angle on patellofemoral indices using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with patellofemoral instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA. 2017;25:2405\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-015-3829-8.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA"},{"key":"1999_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-013-1756-7","volume":"43","author":"T-H Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim T-H, Sobti A, Lee S-H, Lee J-S, Oh K-J. The effects of weight-bearing conditions on patellofemoral indices in individuals without and with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43:157\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-013-1756-7.","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"1999_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.12.012","volume":"27","author":"FT Sheehan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheehan FT, Borotikar BS, Behnam AJ, Alter KE. Alterations in in vivo knee joint kinematics following a femoral nerve branch block of the Vastus medialis: implications for patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin Biomech Bristol Avon. 2012;27:525\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.12.012.","journal-title":"Clin Biomech Bristol Avon"},{"key":"1999_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2021.07.009","volume":"32","author":"DC van Duijvenbode","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Duijvenbode DC, van Dam MJJ, de Beer L, Stavenuiter MHJ, Hofstee DJ, van Dijke CF, et al. The reliability of the patellotrochlear index on magnetic resonance imaging for measuring patellofemoral height. Knee. 2021;32:56\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2021.07.009.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"1999_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4117-y","volume":"25","author":"EA Arendt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arendt EA, England K, Agel J, Tompkins MA. An analysis of knee anatomic imaging factors associated with primary lateral patellar dislocations. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA. 2017;25:3099\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-016-4117-y.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Off J ESSKA"},{"key":"1999_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516663498","volume":"45","author":"M Askenberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Askenberger M, Janarv P-M, Finnbogason T, Arendt EA. Morphology and anatomic patellar instability risk factors in First-Time traumatic lateral patellar dislocations: A prospective magnetic resonance imaging study in skeletally immature children. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:50\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546516663498.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"1999_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00508","volume":"89","author":"SR Ward","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ward SR, Terk MR, Powers CM. Patella alta: association with patellofemoral alignment and changes in contact area during weight-bearing. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:1749\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.F.00508.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"1999_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.10.014","volume":"38","author":"J Frings","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frings J, Dust T, Krause M, Frosch K-H, Adam G, Warncke M, et al. Dynamic mediolateral patellar translation is a Sex- and Size-Independent parameter of adult proximal patellar tracking using dynamic 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2022;38:1571\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.10.014.","journal-title":"Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01999-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01999-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01999-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:57:03Z","timestamp":1762343823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01999-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-025-01999-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Committee for Human Research of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (No. 2021\u2009\u2212\u2009105) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from individual or guardian participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication was obtained from individual participants or their guardians.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"446"}}