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Two neuroradiologists independently measured SP length, the distance from the SP tip to the internal carotid artery (SPT\u2013ICA distance), and SP orientation (medial and anterior inclination angles). Group comparisons were performed between the dissection side in the ICAD group and the corresponding matched side in controls. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent morphologic factors associated with ICAD, and ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of each individual parameter and of the combined model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with controls, ICAD showed a longer SP, a shorter SPT\u2013ICA distance, and a smaller anterior inclination angle (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Multivariable logistic regression identified SP length, SPT\u2013ICA distance, and anterior inclination angle as independent factors associated with ICAD. ROC analysis showed that the combined model achieved the best performance (AUC\u2009=\u20090.836), compared with SP length (AUC\u2009=\u20090.752), SPT\u2013ICA distance (AUC\u2009=\u20090.742), and anterior inclination angle (AUC\u2009=\u20090.717).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The combined model based on SP length, SPT\u2013ICA distance, and anterior inclination angle showed the best performance, suggesting that these CTA-derived SP morphologic features may help identify an anatomic pattern associated with extracranial ICAD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-026-02415-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T14:44:12Z","timestamp":1778510652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Styloid process morphology in extracranial internal carotid artery dissection: a CTA case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xueke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaokun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiru","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongliang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manman","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duchang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dai","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghong","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2415_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70251-9","volume":"9","author":"JM Ferro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferro JM, Massaro AR, Mas J-L. 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This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. The requirement for written informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design and the use of de-identified clinical and imaging data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"326"}}