{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:55:05Z","timestamp":1790848505035,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":91,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032579","name":"Beijing Medical Award Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YXJL-2025-0483-0215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YXJL-2025-0483-0215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Imaging"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-026-02543-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:59:12Z","timestamp":1783007952000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Qualitative and quantitative assessment of intratumoral fat using chemical-shift MRI for predicting histological grade of hepatocellular carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qizheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjiao","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juxiang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1860-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2543_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA-CANCER J CLIN. 2021;71(3):209\u201349.","journal-title":"CA-CANCER J CLIN"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.08.028","volume":"82","author":"EASL clinical practice guidelines","year":"2025","unstructured":"EASL clinical practice guidelines. on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J HEPATOL. 2025;82(2):315\u201374.","journal-title":"J HEPATOL"},{"issue":"10360","key":"2543_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01200-4","volume":"400","author":"A Vogel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vogel A, Meyer T, Sapisochin G, Salem R, Saborowski A. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 2022;400(10360):1345\u201362.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21708","volume":"72","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA-CANCER J CLIN. 2022;72(1):7\u201333.","journal-title":"CA-CANCER J CLIN"},{"issue":"5","key":"2543_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1159\/000517992","volume":"10","author":"H Shinkawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shinkawa H, Tanaka S, Kabata D, Takemura S, Amano R, Kimura K, Kinoshita M, Kubo S. The prognostic impact of tumor differentiation on recurrence and survival after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma is dependent on tumor size. LIVER CANCER. 2021;10(5):461\u201372.","journal-title":"LIVER CANCER"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005380","volume":"277","author":"P Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu P, Liao W, Zhang W, Chen L, Shu C, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Chen Y, Lau WY, Zhang B, et al. A prospective study using propensity score matching to compare long-term survival outcomes after robotic-assisted, laparoscopic, or open liver resection for patients with BCLC stage 0-A hepatocellular carcinoma. ANN SURG. 2023;277(1):e103\u201311.","journal-title":"ANN SURG"},{"issue":"3","key":"2543_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2015.16.3.449","volume":"16","author":"E Cho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cho E, Choi J. MRI features of hepatocellular carcinoma related to biologic behavior. KOREAN J RADIOL. 2015;16(3):449\u201364.","journal-title":"KOREAN J RADIOL"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80369-4","volume":"33","author":"R Kutami","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kutami R, Nakashima Y, Nakashima O, Shiota K, Kojiro M. Pathomorphologic study on the mechanism of fatty change in small hepatocellular carcinoma of humans. J HEPATOL. 2000;33(2):282\u20139.","journal-title":"J HEPATOL"},{"issue":"7","key":"2543_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2018180052","volume":"38","author":"M Cerny","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cerny M, Chernyak V, Olivie D, Billiard J, Murphy-Lavallee J, Kielar AZ, Elsayes KM, Bourque L, Hooker JC, Sirlin CB, et al. LI-RADS version 2018 ancillary features at MRI. Radiographics. 2018;38(7):1973\u20132001.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2543_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.8632","volume":"199","author":"S Siripongsakun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siripongsakun S, Lee JK, Raman SS, Tong MJ, Sayre J, Lu DS. MRI detection of intratumoral fat in hepatocellular carcinoma: potential biomarker for a more favorable prognosis. AM J ROENTGENOL. 2012;199(5):1018\u201325.","journal-title":"AM J ROENTGENOL"},{"issue":"6","key":"2543_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.03.002","volume":"84","author":"JH Min","year":"2015","unstructured":"Min JH, Kim YK, Lim S, Jeong WK, Choi D, Lee WJ. Prediction of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinomas with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging: impact of intra-tumoral fat detected on chemical-shift images. EUR J RADIOL. 2015;84(6):1036\u201343.","journal-title":"EUR J RADIOL"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e233471","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.233471","volume":"313","author":"H Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang H, Cannella R, Wu Z, Beaufrere A, Dioguardi Burgio M, Sartoris R, Wang Y, Qin Y, Chen J, Chen Y, et al. Prognostic implications of MRI-assessed intratumoral fat in hepatocellular carcinoma: an Asian and European cohort study. Radiology. 2024;313(2):e233471.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2543_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8974","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09864-x","volume":"33","author":"PA Kupczyk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kupczyk PA, Kurt D, Endler C, Luetkens JA, Kukuk GM, Fronhoffs F, Fischer H, Attenberger UI, Pieper CC. MRI proton density fat fraction for estimation of tumor grade in steatotic hepatocellular carcinoma. EUR RADIOL. 2023;33(12):8974\u201385.","journal-title":"EUR RADIOL"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-025-01789-9","volume":"25","author":"Y Liang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liang Y, Han X, Wang Z, Lei X, Lan X, Gao Y, Wei X, Wu H. MRI proton density fat fraction for estimation of biological characteristics in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC MED IMAGING. 2025;25(1):221.","journal-title":"BMC MED IMAGING"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.291075123","volume":"29","author":"FH Cassidy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cassidy FH, Yokoo T, Aganovic L, Hanna RF, Bydder M, Middleton MS, Hamilton G, Chavez AD, Schwimmer JB, Sirlin CB. Fatty liver disease: MR imaging techniques for the detection and quantification of liver steatosis. Radiographics. 2009;29(1):231\u201360.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2543_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27539","volume":"53","author":"K Rajlawot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rajlawot K, Jiang T, Zhou J, Lin C, Kuang S, Chen J, Zhang Y, Yang H, Deng Y, He B, et al. Accuracies of chemical shift in\/opposed phase and chemical shift encoded magnetic resonance imaging to detect intratumoral fat in hepatocellular carcinoma. J MAGN RESON IMAGING. 2021;53(6):1791\u2013802.","journal-title":"J MAGN RESON IMAGING"},{"key":"2543_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S417878","volume":"10","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Cao S, Chen C, Chen J, Xu X, Liu Y, Liu Q, Wang K, Han B, Yin Y. A novel nomogram for the preoperative prediction of Edmondson-Steiner grade III-IV in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. J HEPATOCELL CARCINO. 2023;10:1399\u2013409.","journal-title":"J HEPATOCELL CARCINO"},{"issue":"6","key":"2543_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-11151-2","volume":"35","author":"L Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang L, Mai X, Li B, Li H, Liu Q, Li Y, Zhu Y, Jiang X, Wang W, Qiao C, et al. Fat fraction quantification by MRI predicts diagnosis and prognosis of HBV-related steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma. EUR RADIOL. 2025;35(6):3144\u201357.","journal-title":"EUR RADIOL"},{"issue":"8","key":"2543_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-024-01845-4","volume":"129","author":"Z Geng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geng Z, Wang S, Ma L, Zhang C, Guan Z, Zhang Y, Yin S, Lian S, Xie C. Prediction of microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with MRI radiomics based on susceptibility weighted imaging and T2-weighted imaging. RADIOL MED. 2024;129(8):1130\u201342.","journal-title":"RADIOL MED"},{"issue":"4","key":"2543_CR20","first-page":"575","volume":"18","author":"S Ariizumi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ariizumi S, Kitagawa K, Kotera Y, Takahashi Y, Katagiri S, Kuwatsuru R, Yamamoto M. A non-smooth tumor margin in the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid disodium (gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts microscopic portal vein invasion, intrahepatic metastasis, and early recurrence after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J HEPATO-BIL-PAN SCI. 2011;18(4):575\u201385.","journal-title":"J HEPATO-BIL-PAN SCI"},{"issue":"5","key":"2543_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2022.12.018","volume":"30","author":"M Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu M, Qu Q, Xu L, Zhang J, Liu M, Jiang J, Shen W, Zhang T, Zhang X. Prediction for aggressiveness and postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma using gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. ACAD RADIOL. 2023;30(5):841\u201352.","journal-title":"ACAD RADIOL"},{"issue":"6","key":"2543_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5787-2","volume":"29","author":"M Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu M, Tan H, Gao F, Hai J, Ning P, Chen J, Zhu S, Wang M, Dou S, Shi D. Predicting the grade of hepatocellular carcinoma based on non-contrast-enhanced MRI radiomics signature. EUR RADIOL. 2019;29(6):2802\u201311.","journal-title":"EUR RADIOL"},{"issue":"5","key":"2543_CR23","first-page":"2117","volume":"60","author":"Y Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan Y, Si Z, Chun C, Chao-Qun P, Ke M, Dong Z, Li W. Multiphase MRI-based radiomics for predicting histological grade of hepatocellular carcinoma. J MAGN RESON IMAGING. 2024;60(5):2117\u201327.","journal-title":"J MAGN RESON IMAGING"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e233229","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.233229","volume":"314","author":"K Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang K, He K, Zhang L, Li W, Xie S, Cui Y, Lin L, Shen Z, Xia S, Su X, et al. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI scoring model to predict pathologic features of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 2025;314(2):e233229.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-13781-1","volume":"25","author":"S Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song S, Zhang G, Yao Z, Chen R, Liu K, Zhang T, Zeng G, Wang Z, Liu R. Deep learning based on intratumoral heterogeneity predicts histopathologic grade of hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2025;25(1):497.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"2543_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2016.04.020","volume":"71","author":"Y Asayama","year":"2016","unstructured":"Asayama Y, Nishie A, Ishigami K, Ushijima Y, Takayama Y, Okamoto D, Fujita N, Kubo Y, Aishima S, Yoshizumi T, et al. Fatty change in moderately and poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma on MRI: a possible mechanism related to decreased arterial flow. CLIN RADIOL. 2016;71(12):1277\u201383.","journal-title":"CLIN RADIOL"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W28","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2117","volume":"190","author":"Y Asayama","year":"2008","unstructured":"Asayama Y, Yoshimitsu K, Nishihara Y, Irie H, Aishima S, Taketomi A, Honda H. Arterial blood supply of hepatocellular carcinoma and histologic grading: radiologic-pathologic correlation. AM J ROENTGENOL. 2008;190(1):W28\u201334.","journal-title":"AM J ROENTGENOL"},{"key":"2543_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki H, Kohjima M, Tanaka M, Goya T, Itoh S, Yoshizumi T, Mori M, Tsuda M, Takahashi M, Kurokawa M, et al. Metabolic alteration in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanism of lipid accumulation in well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Can J Gastroenterol. 2021;2021:8813410.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8813410"},{"issue":"5","key":"2543_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-015-0606-7","volume":"8","author":"S Komiyama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Komiyama S, Okazaki H, Nakao S, Nishigori S, Terada M, Hamanaka J, Miura Y, Oka H, Suzaki F, Tanaka K. Diffuse fatty metamorphosis of a large, well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma originating in the normal liver: a case report and literature review. CLIN J GASTROENTEROL. 2015;8(5):345\u201350.","journal-title":"CLIN J GASTROENTEROL"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170550","volume":"286","author":"T Yokoo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yokoo T, Serai SD, Pirasteh A, Bashir MR, Hamilton G, Hernando D, Hu HH, Hetterich H, Kuhn J, Kukuk GM, et al. Linearity, bias, and precision of hepatic proton density fat fraction measurements by using MR imaging: a meta-analysis. Radiology. 2018;286(2):486\u201398.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2543_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112487","volume":"194","author":"K Wu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wu K, Zhu Z, Xu D, Lu Y, Zhang T, Wang X, Hu C, Gu W, Yu Y. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI radiomics and deep learning models for predicting the pathological differentiation degree in hepatocellular carcinoma. EUR J RADIOL. 2026;194:112487.","journal-title":"EUR J RADIOL"},{"key":"2543_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153535082513930","DOI":"10.1177\/15353508251393056","volume":"24","author":"J Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu J, Gao C, Zhang J, Lu J, Xuan Y, Wang S, Bu C. Advancements in imaging technologies and AI integration for neurodegenerative disease management: a narrative review. MOL IMAGING. 2025;24:15353508251393056.","journal-title":"MOL IMAGING"},{"issue":"5","key":"2543_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.23.29607","volume":"221","author":"K Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang K, Cunha GM, Hasenstab K, Henderson WC, Middleton MS, Cole SA, Umans JG, Ali T, Hsiao A, Sirlin CB. Deep learning for inference of hepatic proton density fat fraction from T1-weighted in-phase and opposed-phase MRI: retrospective analysis of population-based trial data. AM J ROENTGENOL. 2023;221(5):620\u201331.","journal-title":"AM J ROENTGENOL"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2543_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.04.013","volume":"101","author":"M De Pardieu","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Pardieu M, Boucebci S, Herpe G, Fauche C, Velasco S, Ingrand P, Tasu J. Glioma-grade diagnosis using in-phase and out-of-phase T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: a prospective study. DIAGN INTERV IMAG. 2020;101(7\u20138):451\u20136.","journal-title":"DIAGN INTERV IMAG"},{"issue":"4","key":"2543_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24457","volume":"40","author":"J Kuhn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuhn J, Jahn C, Hernando D, Siegmund W, Hadlich S, Mayerle J, Pfannmoller J, Langner S, Reeder S. T1 bias in chemical shift-encoded liver fat-fraction: role of the flip angle. J MAGN RESON IMAGING. 2014;40(4):875\u201383.","journal-title":"J MAGN RESON IMAGING"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21301","volume":"58","author":"C Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu C, McKenzie CA, Yu H, Brittain JH, Reeder SB. Fat quantification with IDEAL gradient echo imaging: correction of bias from T(1) and noise. MAGN RESON MED. 2007;58(2):354\u201364.","journal-title":"MAGN RESON MED"},{"key":"2543_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153535082412452","DOI":"10.1177\/15353508241245265","volume":"23","author":"SJ Archibald","year":"2024","unstructured":"Archibald SJ, Holland JP, Korde A, Martins AF, Shuhendler AJ, Scott PJH. Combining nuclear medicine with other modalities: future prospect for multimodality imaging. MOL IMAGING. 2024;23:15353508241245265.","journal-title":"MOL IMAGING"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12880-026-02543-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-026-02543-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12880-026-02543-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:04:28Z","timestamp":1790845468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12880-026-02543-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12880-026-02543-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2342"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2342","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University Third Hospital (M20250016), and the informed consent was waived based on the study design. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"484"}}