{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:03:23Z","timestamp":1765807403085,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DK070555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DK070555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-016-0391-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T08:19:27Z","timestamp":1480580367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Understanding clinical and non-clinical decisions under uncertainty: a scenario-based survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"name":"The Writing Group for CERTAIN-CHOICES","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vlad V.","family":"Simianu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Grounds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Joslyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jared E.","family":"LeClerc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne P.","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Alfonso-Cristancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abraham D.","family":"Flaxman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Flum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"391_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2011-200468","volume":"29","author":"LA Calder","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calder LA, Forster AJ, Stiell IG, et al. Experiential and rational decision making: A survey to determine how emergency physicians make clinical decisions. Emerg Med J. 2012;29(10):811\u20136.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"391_CR2","first-page":"373","volume":"15","author":"U Subramanian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Subramanian U, Kerr EA, Klamerus ML, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Holleman RG, Hofer TP. Treatment decisions for complex patients: Differences between primary care physicians and midlevel providers. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(6):373\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"391_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X14547740","volume":"35","author":"JS Blumenthal-Barby","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blumenthal-Barby JS, Krieger H. Cognitive biases and heuristics in medical decision making: A critical review using a systematic search strategy. Med Decis Making. 2015;35(4):539\u201357.","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"391_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120709-145346","volume":"62","author":"G Gigerenzer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gigerenzer G, Gaissmaier W. Heuristic decision making. Annu Rev Psychol. 2011;62:451\u201382.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"391_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-14-47","volume":"14","author":"B Djulbegovic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Djulbegovic B, Elqayam S, Reljic T, et al. How do physicians decide to treat: an empirical evaluation of the threshold model. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2014;14:47.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"5","key":"391_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X14525855","volume":"34","author":"B Djulbegovic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Djulbegovic B, Beckstead JW, Elqayam S, et al. Evaluation of Physicians\u2019 Cognitive Styles. Med Decis Making. 2014;34(5):627\u201337.","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"issue":"8","key":"391_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0134038","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134038","volume":"10","author":"M Djulbegovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Djulbegovic M, Beckstead J, Elqayam S, et al. Thinking Styles and Regret in Physicians. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134038.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"391_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0182-160","volume":"246","author":"D Kahneman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kahneman D, Tversky A. The psychology of preference. Sci Am. 1982;246:161.","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"391_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185","volume":"47","author":"DTA Kahneman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kahneman DTA. Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica. 1979;47(2):263\u201391.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"10","key":"391_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610381504","volume":"21","author":"AP McGraw","year":"2010","unstructured":"McGraw AP, Larsen JT, Kahneman D, Schkade D. Comparing gains and losses. Psychol Sci. 2010;21(10):1438\u201345.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"391_CR11","first-page":"1438","volume":"21","author":"W Pesendorfer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pesendorfer W. Behavioral economics comes of age: A review essay on advances in behavioral economics. J Econ Lit. 2010;21(10):1438\u201345.","journal-title":"J Econ Lit"},{"issue":"6","key":"391_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480707300604","volume":"73","author":"JS Young","year":"2007","unstructured":"Young JS, Smith RL, Guerlain S, Nolley B. How residents think and make medical decisions: Implications for education and patient safety. Am Surg. 2007;73(6):548\u201353. discussion 553\u20134.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"391_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.12.3.179","volume":"12","author":"VF Reyna","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reyna VF, Lloyd FJ. Physician decision making and cardiac risk: Effects of knowledge, risk perception, risk tolerance, and fuzzy processing. J Exp Psychol Appl. 2006;12(3):179\u201395.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Appl"},{"issue":"8","key":"391_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2007.tb01869.x","volume":"14","author":"J Considine","year":"2007","unstructured":"Considine J, Botti M, Thomas S. Do knowledge and experience have specific roles in triage decision-making? Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(8):722\u20136.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"391_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.414","volume":"15","author":"EU Weber","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weber EU, Blais A, Betz N. A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. J Behav Decision Making. 2002;15:263\u201390.","journal-title":"J Behav Decision Making"},{"issue":"6","key":"391_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500003260","volume":"7","author":"H Szrek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Szrek H, Chao LW, Ramlagan S, Peltzer K. Predicting (un)healthy behavior: A comparison of risk-taking propensity measures. Judgm Decis Mak. 2012;7(6):716\u201327.","journal-title":"Judgm Decis Mak"},{"issue":"4","key":"391_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01702.x","volume":"17","author":"Y Hanoch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hanoch Y, Johnson JG, Wilke A. Domain specificity in experimental measures and participant recruitment: an application to risk-taking behavior. Psychol Sci. 2006;17(4):300\u20134.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"391_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X09360371","volume":"30","author":"IM Lipkus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lipkus IM, Peters E, Kimmick G, Liotcheva V, Marcom P. Breast cancer patients\u2019 treatment expectations after exposure to the decision aid program adjuvant online: The influence of numeracy. Med Decis Making. 2010;30(4):464\u201373.","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"issue":"10","key":"391_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2009.01279.x","volume":"29","author":"NF Dieckmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dieckmann NF, Slovic P, Peters EM. The use of narrative evidence and explicit likelihood by decisionmakers varying in numeracy. Risk Anal. 2009;29(10):1473\u201388.","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"391_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025185","volume":"18","author":"SL Joslyn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joslyn SL, LeClerc JE. Uncertainty forecasts improve weather-related decisions and attenuate the effects of forecast error. J Exp Psychol Appl. 2012;18(1):126\u201340.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Appl"},{"issue":"2","key":"391_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-21-2-185","volume":"21","author":"D Klingman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Klingman D, Localio AR, Sugarman J, et al. Measuring defensive medicine using clinical scenario surveys. J Health Polit Policy Law. 1996;21(2):185\u2013217.","journal-title":"J Health Polit Policy Law"},{"issue":"21","key":"391_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.21.2609","volume":"293","author":"DM Studdert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Studdert DM, Mello MM, Sage WM, et al. Defensive medicine among high-risk specialist physicians in a volatile malpractice environment. JAMA. 2005;293(21):2609\u201317.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"391_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198801000-00009","volume":"26","author":"SD Nightingale","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nightingale SD. Risk preference and admitting rates of emergency room physicians. Med Care. 1988;26(1):84\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"391_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X8700700307","volume":"7","author":"SD Nightingale","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nightingale SD. Risk preference and laboratory use. Med Decis Making. 1987;7(3):168\u201372.","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"issue":"4","key":"391_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.4.684","volume":"93","author":"SD Nightingale","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nightingale SD, Grant M. Risk preference and decision making in critical care situations. Chest. 1988;93(4):684\u20137.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"391_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2005.06.010","volume":"131","author":"EP Tubbs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tubbs EP, Elrod JA, Flum DR. Risk taking and tolerance of uncertainty: Implications for surgeons. J Surg Res. 2006;131(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"391_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043608","volume":"61","author":"P Slovic","year":"1964","unstructured":"Slovic P. Assessment of risk taking behavior. Psycho Bull. 1964;61:330\u20133.","journal-title":"Psycho Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"391_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0122475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122475","volume":"10","author":"RS Suter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suter RS, Pachur T, Hertwig R, Endestad T, Biele G. The neural basis of risky choice with affective outcomes. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122475. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0122475 .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"391_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.127.2.267","volume":"127","author":"GF Loewenstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Loewenstein GF, Weber EU, Hsee CK, Welch N. Risk as feelings. Psychol Bull. 2001;127(2):267\u201386.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"391_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X04273143","volume":"25","author":"PA Ubel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ubel PA. Emotions, decisions, and the limits of rationality: Symposium introduction. Med Decis Making. 2005;25(1):95\u20136.","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"issue":"3","key":"391_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00334","volume":"12","author":"Y Rottenstreich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rottenstreich Y, Hsee CK. Money, kisses, and electric shocks: On the affective psychology of risk. Psychol Sci. 2001;12(3):185\u201390.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"391_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.6.910","volume":"126","author":"BA Mellers","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mellers BA. Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychol Bull. 2000;126(6):910\u201324.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"8","key":"391_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193372","volume":"33","author":"A Gurmankin Levy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gurmankin Levy A, Baron J. How bad is a 10% chance of losing a toe? judgments of probabilistic conditions by doctors and laypeople. Mem Cognit. 2005;33(8):1399\u2013406.","journal-title":"Mem Cognit"},{"key":"391_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/dec0000006","volume":"1","author":"T Pachur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pachur T, Hertwig R, Wolkewitz R. The affect gap in risky choice: Affect-rich outcomes attenuate attention to probability information. Decision. 2014;1:64\u201378.","journal-title":"Decision"},{"issue":"1","key":"391_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085042","volume":"9","author":"F Mengarelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mengarelli F, Moretti L, Faralla V, Vindras P, Sirigu A. Economic decisions for others: An exception to loss aversion law. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e85042.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"391_CR36","volume-title":"Double risk aversion. Social Science Research Network","author":"P Atanasov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Atanasov P. Double risk aversion. Social Science Research Network. 2010."},{"issue":"4","key":"391_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.2.4.195","volume":"2","author":"R Thaler","year":"1988","unstructured":"Thaler R. Anomalies: The ultimatum game. J Econ Perspect. 1988;2(4):195\u2013206.","journal-title":"J Econ Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"391_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2012.06.005","volume":"119","author":"E Polman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Polman E. Self\u2013other decision making and loss aversion. Organ Behav Hum Dec. 2012;119(2):141\u201350.","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Dec"},{"issue":"1","key":"391_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S193029750000022X","volume":"2","author":"DWT Fernandez-Duque","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fernandez-Duque DWT. Actor\/observer asymmetry in risky decision making. Judgm Decis Mak. 2007;2(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Judgm Decis Mak"},{"key":"391_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00260.x","volume":"32","author":"ER Stone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stone ER, Yates AJ, Caruthers AS. Risk taking in decision making for others versus the self. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2002;32:1\u201328.","journal-title":"J Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"391_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2011.09.013","volume":"139","author":"M Pollai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pollai M, Kirchler E. Differences in risk-defusing behavior in deciding for oneself versus deciding for other people. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2012;139(1):239\u201343.","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"key":"391_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.126.1.45","volume":"126","author":"CKWE Hsee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hsee CKWE. A fundamental prediction error: Self-others discrepancies in risk preference. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1997;126:45\u201353.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"391_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4284\/0038-4038-77.4.901","volume":"77","author":"S Chakravarty","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chakravarty S, Harrison G, Haruvy E, Rutstr\u00f6m E. Are you risk averse over other people\u2019s money? Southern Econ J. 2011;77:4\u2013901.","journal-title":"Southern Econ J"},{"issue":"2","key":"391_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2006.00753.x","volume":"75","author":"GW Harrison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harrison GW, List JA, Towe C. Naturally Occurring Preferences and Exogenous Laboratory Experiments: A Case Study of Risk Aversion. Econometrica. 2007;75(2):433\u201358.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"12","key":"391_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.09.004","volume":"13","author":"R Hertwig","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hertwig R, Erev I. The description-experience gap in risky choice. Trends Cogn Sci. 2009;13(12):517\u201323.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"391_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.722","volume":"25","author":"T Lejarraga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lejarraga T, Dutt V, Gonzalez C. Instance-based learning: A general model of repeated binary choice. J Behav Decision Making. 2012;25(2):143\u201353.","journal-title":"J Behav Decision Making"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-016-0391-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-016-0391-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-016-0391-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T04:10:52Z","timestamp":1692591052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-016-0391-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-016-0391-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-6947"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 May 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2016","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2016","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"153"}}