{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:53:10Z","timestamp":1772254390680,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-018-0593-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T00:02:49Z","timestamp":1553212969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Qcorp: an annotated classification corpus of Chinese health questions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Haihong","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"593_CR1","unstructured":"Fox S, Duggan M.: Health Online 2013. Pew Research Center Internet & Technology, January 2013, \n                    http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2013\/01\/15\/health-online-2013\/\n                    \n                  , last accessed 21 July 2017."},{"key":"593_CR2","unstructured":"China Internet Network Information Center.: China statistical report on internet development,\n                    http:\/\/www.cnnic.net.cn\/hlwfzyj\/hlwxzbg\/hlwtjbg\/201701\/P020170123364672657408.pdf\n                    \n                  , last accessed 2017\/08\/20."},{"key":"593_CR3","unstructured":"China Internet Network Information Center.: China statistical report on internet development, \n                    http:\/\/www.cnnic.net.cn\/hlwfzyj\/hlwxzbg\/201601\/P020160122469130059846.pdf\n                    \n                  , last accessed 2017\/08\/20."},{"key":"593_CR4","unstructured":"State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China.: Guidance of promoting the \u201cInternet Plus\u201d action, \n                    http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/content\/2015-07\/04\/content_10002.htm\n                    \n                  , last accessed 2017\/08\/20."},{"key":"593_CR5","unstructured":"Office of State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China.: Guidance of promoting and regulating the application and development of health and medical big data, \n                    http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/content\/2016-06\/24\/content_5085091.htm\n                    \n                  , last accessed 2017\/08\/20."},{"key":"593_CR6","first-page":"843","volume":"180","author":"N Pletneva","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pletneva N, Vargas A, Kalogianni K, Boyer C. Online health information search: what struggles and empowers the users? Results of an online survey. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;180:843\u20137.","journal-title":"Results of an online survey. Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"593_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2017.04.018","volume":"103","author":"A Scantlebury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scantlebury A, Booth A, Hanley B. Experiences, practices and barriers to accessing health information: a qualitative study. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 2017;103:103\u20138.","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"key":"593_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wren J D.: Question Answering Systems in biology and medicine \u2013 the time is now. Bioinformatics, 27(14): 2025-2026 (2011).","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr327"},{"issue":"2","key":"593_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2011.01.004","volume":"44","author":"Y Cao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cao Y, Liu F, Simpson P, et al. AskHERMES: An online question answering system for complex clinical questions. Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2011;44(2):277\u201388.","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"key":"593_CR10","unstructured":"Cairns BL, Nielsen RD, Masanz JJ, et al. The MiPACQ clinical question answering system. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2011:171\u201380."},{"key":"593_CR11","first-page":"215","volume":"180","author":"Y Ni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ni Y, Zhu H, Cai P, et al. CliniQA: highly reliable clinical question answering system. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;180:215\u20139.","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"593_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-014-0365-3","volume":"16","author":"D Hristovski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hristovski D, Dinevski D, Kastrin A, Rindflesch TC. Biomedical question answering using semantic relations. BMC Bioinformatics. 2015;16:6.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"593_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13326-015-0029-x","volume":"6","author":"AH Asiaee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Asiaee AH, Minning T, Doshi P, Tarleton RL. A framework for ontology-based question answering with application to parasite immunology. J Biomed Semantics. 2015;6:31.","journal-title":"J Biomed Semantics"},{"key":"593_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2010-000071","volume":"18","author":"F Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu F, Tur G, Hakkani-T\u00fcr D, Yu H. Towards spoken clinical-question answering: evaluating and adapting automatic speech-recognition systems for spoken clinical questions. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2011;18:625\u201330.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"593_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-6-17","volume":"6","author":"M Bauer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bauer M, Berleant D. Usability survey of biomedical question answering systems. Human Genomics. 2012;6(1):17\u201320.","journal-title":"Human Genomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"593_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551511398575","volume":"37","author":"MD Olivera-Lobo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olivera-Lobo MD, Guti\u00e9rrez AJ. Evaluation of open- vs. restricted-domain question answering systems in the biomedical field. Journal of Inf Science. 2011;37(2):152\u201362.","journal-title":"Journal of Inf Science"},{"key":"593_CR17","first-page":"863","volume":"180","author":"S Cruchet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cruchet S, Boyer C, van der Plas L. Trustworthiness and relevance in web-based clinical question answering. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;180:863\u20137.","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"593_CR18","unstructured":"Zhang N, Zhu L.: A review of Chinese Q & A system questions. Technology Intelligence Engineering, 01-42 (2016)."},{"key":"593_CR19","unstructured":"Clinical question collection. \n                    https:\/\/clinques.nlm.nih.gov\/\n                    \n                  , last accessed 2017\/08\/23."},{"key":"593_CR20","first-page":"140","volume":"82","author":"P Gorman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gorman P, Ash J, Wykoff L. Can primary care physician's questions be answered using the medical journal literature? Bull Med Libr Assoc. 1994;82:140\u20136.","journal-title":"Bull Med Libr Assoc"},{"issue":"7206","key":"593_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7206.358","volume":"319","author":"JW Ely","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ely JW, Osheroff JA, Ebell MH, Bergus GR, Levy BT, Chambliss ML, et al. Analysis of questions asked by family doctors regarding patient care. Br Med J. 1999;319(7206):358\u201361.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"593_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.429","volume":"321","author":"JW Ely","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ely JW, Osheroff JA, Gorman PN, Ebell MH, Chambliss ML, Pifer EA, et al. A taxonomy of generic clinical questions: classification study. British Medical Journal. 2000;321:429\u201332.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"593_CR23","first-page":"960","volume":"50","author":"B Alper","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alper B, Stevermer J, White D, Ewigman B. Answering family physicians' clinical questions using electronic medical databases. J Fam Pract. 2001;50:960\u20135.","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"593_CR24","unstructured":"Niu Y, Hirst G, Mcarthur G, et al.: Answering clinical questions with role identification. Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 73-80 (2003). \n                    http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/W\/W03\/W03-1310.pdf\n                    \n                  , last accessed 23 Aug 2017."},{"key":"593_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.1.64","volume":"113","author":"DM Alessandro","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alessandro DM, Kreiter CD, Peterson MW. An evaluation of information seeking behaviors of general pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2004;113:64\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"593_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2010.07.007","volume":"43","author":"Y Cao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cao Y, Cimino JJ, Ely J, Yu H. Automatically extracting information needs from complex clinical questions. J Biomed Inform. 2010;43(6):962\u201371.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"593_CR27","unstructured":"Yu H, Sable C, Zhu HR. Classifying medical questions based on an evidence taxonomy. In Workshop of AAAI, (2005). \n                    https:\/\/www.aaai.org\/Papers\/Workshops\/2005\/WS-05-10\/WS05-10-005.pdf\n                    \n                  , last accessed 25 Aug 2017."},{"key":"593_CR28","unstructured":"Abacha AB, Dina DF, Recognizing question entailment for medical question answering. AMIA Annu Symp Proc, 310-318 (2016)."},{"issue":"6","key":"593_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2011.08.008","volume":"44","author":"F Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu F, Antieau LD, Yu H. Toward automated consumer question answering: Automatically separating consumer questions from professional questions in the healthcare domain. Journal of biomedical informatics. 2011;44(6):1032\u20138.","journal-title":"Journal of biomedical informatics"},{"key":"593_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2011.11.008","volume":"45","author":"J Patrick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patrick J, Li M. An ontology for clinical questions about the contents of patient notes. Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2012;45:292\u2013306.","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"593_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.22821","volume":"64","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang Y. Toward a Layered Model of Context for Health Information Searching: An Analysis of Consumer-Generated Questions. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 2013;64(6):1158\u201372.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"593_CR32","volume-title":"In Proceedings of the Fourth LREC Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Health and Biomedical Text Processing","author":"K Roberts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roberts K, Masterton K, Fiszman M, Kilicoglu H, Demner-Fushman D. Annotating Question Types for Consumer Health Questions. In: In Proceedings of the Fourth LREC Workshop on Building and Evaluating Resources for Health and Biomedical Text Processing; 2014."},{"key":"593_CR33","first-page":"1018","volume":"2014","author":"K Roberts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roberts K, Kilicoglu H, Fiszman M, Demner-Fushman D. Automatically classifying question types for consumer health questions. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2014;2014:1018\u201327.","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"593_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458215571643","volume":"22","author":"S McRoy","year":"2015","unstructured":"McRoy S, Jones S, Kurmally A. Toward automated classification of consumers\u2019 cancer-related questions with a new taxonomy of expected answer types. Health Informatics Journal. 2015;22(3):523\u201335.","journal-title":"Health Informatics Journal"},{"key":"593_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cronin RM, Fabbri D, Denny JC, et al. A comparison of rule-based and machine learning approaches for classifying patient portal messages. International Journal of Medical Informatics. 2017:110\u201320.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2017.06.004"},{"key":"593_CR36","unstructured":"Roberts K, Demner-Fushman D.: Toward a natural language interface for EHR questions. AMIA Jt Summits Transl Sci Proc. 2015 Mar 25:157-161 (2015)."},{"key":"593_CR37","unstructured":"Yin JW.: The method of classification and similarity calculation for mobile health questions based on the field dictionary, pp. P42-47. Shenzhen University, Shenzhen (2016)."},{"key":"593_CR38","volume-title":"Research on Natural Language Question Analysis Based on Knowledge Organization System","author":"N Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang N. Research on Natural Language Question Analysis Based on Knowledge Organization System. Beijing: Institute of Science and Technology of China; 2016."},{"key":"593_CR39","unstructured":"Tang G, Ni Y, Xie G, et al.: A deep learning based method for similar patient question retrieval in Chinese. In Proceedings of the 16th World Congress on Health and Biomedical Informatics, Hangzhou, China, 23-29 August 2017 (2017)."},{"key":"593_CR40","unstructured":"Guo H, Li J, Dai T.: Consumer health information needs and question classification: analysis of hypertension related questions asked by consumers on a Chinese health website, In Proceedings of the 15th World Congress on Health and Biomedical Informatics, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, 19-23 August 2015, Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, IOS Press, 216: 810-814 (2015)."},{"key":"593_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo H, Na X, Hou L, Li J. Classifying Chinese Questions Related to Health Care Posted by Consumers Via the Internet. J Med Internet Res. 19(6):e220\u20132017.","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7156"},{"key":"593_CR42","unstructured":"Qcorp: An Annotated Chinese Health Question Corpus, \n                    http:\/\/www.phoc.org.cn\/healthqa\/qcorp\/\n                    \n                  , last accessed 2017\/09\/29."},{"issue":"3","key":"593_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh ML. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica. 2012;22(3):276\u201382.","journal-title":"Biochemia Medica."},{"issue":"4","key":"593_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocw024","volume":"23","author":"K Roberts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roberts K, Demner-Fushman D. Interactive use of online health resources: a comparison of consumer and professional questions. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2016;23(4):802\u201311.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"593_CR45","unstructured":"Tsoumakas G, Katakis I.: Multi-label classification: an overview, \n                    http:\/\/lpis.csd.auth.gr\/publications\/tsoumakas-ijdwm.pdf\n                    \n                  , last accessed 26 Aug 2017."},{"key":"593_CR46","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing","author":"YW Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen YW, Lin CJ. Combining SVMs with various feature selection strategies. In: Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006. p. 315\u201324."}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-018-0593-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-018-0593-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-018-0593-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T00:10:41Z","timestamp":1553213441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-018-0593-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-018-0593-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"16"}}