{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:18:37Z","timestamp":1773281917097,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-019-0740-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T09:04:03Z","timestamp":1549962243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["A basic model for assessing primary health care electronic medical record data quality"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-8298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Terry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moira","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonny","family":"Cejic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Neil","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"de Lusignan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bert M.","family":"Chesworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijaya","family":"Chevendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Maddocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Shadd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Burge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amardeep","family":"Thind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"740_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2012.0884","volume":"31","author":"C Schoen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schoen C, Osborn R, Squires D, et al. A survey of primary care doctors in ten countries shows progress in use of health information technology, less in other areas. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31:2805\u201316.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"740_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1018","volume":"34","author":"R Osborn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Osborn R, Moulds D, Schneider EC, Doty MM, Squires D, Sarnak DO. Primary care physicians in ten countries report challenges caring for patients with complex health needs. Health Aff (Millwood). 2015;34:2104\u201312.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"740_CR3","first-page":"1076","volume":"61","author":"F Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang F, Gupta N. Progress in electronic medical record adoption in Canada. Can Fam Physician. 2015;61:1076\u201384.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"740_CR4","unstructured":"Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network. 2013. \n                    http:\/\/cpcssn.ca\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed January 19, 2018."},{"key":"740_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-014-0169-6","volume":"15","author":"H Carr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carr H, de LS, Liyanage H, Liaw ST, Terry A, Rafi I. Defining dimensions of research readiness: a conceptual model for primary care research networks. BMC Fam Pract. 2014;15:169.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"740_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199370689.003.0018","volume-title":"Freeman TR. McWhinney's textbook of family medicine","author":"TR Freeman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Freeman TR. Stewardship of resources, patient information, and data. In: Freeman TR. McWhinney's textbook of family medicine. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2016. p. 407\u201316.","edition":"4"},{"key":"740_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423615000596","volume":"17","author":"S Dungey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dungey S, Glew S, Heyes B, Macleod J, Tate AR. Exploring practical approaches to maximising data quality in electronic healthcare records in the primary care setting and associated benefits. Report of panel-led discussion held at SAPC in July 2014. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2016;17:448\u201352.","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"740_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1638748","volume":"6","author":"S Lusignan de","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Lusignan S, Liaw ST, Krause P, et al. Key concepts to assess the readiness of data for international research: data quality, lineage and provenance, extraction and processing errors, traceability, and curation. Contribution of the IMIA primary health care informatics working group. Yearb Med Inform. 2011;6:112\u201320.","journal-title":"Yearb Med Inform"},{"key":"740_CR9","first-page":"133","volume":"14","author":"S Lusignan de","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Lusignan S. The optimum granularity for coding diagnostic data in primary care: report of a workshop of the EFMI primary care informatics working group at MIE 2005. Inform Prim Care. 2006;14:133\u20137.","journal-title":"Inform Prim Care"},{"key":"740_CR10","first-page":"449","volume":"61","author":"M Stewart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stewart M, Ryan B. Ecology of health care in Canada. Can Fam Physician. 2015;61:449\u201353.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"740_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106283442611","volume":"344","author":"LA Green","year":"2001","unstructured":"Green LA, Fryer GE Jr, Yawn BP, Lanier D, Dovey SM. The ecology of medical care revisited. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:2021\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"740_CR12","first-page":"19","volume":"12","author":"AL Terry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Terry AL, Stewart M, Fortin M, et al. Stepping up to the plate: an agenda for research and policy action on electronic medical records in Canadian primary healthcare. Healthc Policy. 2016;12:19\u201332.","journal-title":"Healthc Policy"},{"key":"740_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-116","volume":"12","author":"M Greiver","year":"2012","unstructured":"Greiver M, Barnsley J, Glazier RH, Harvey BJ, Moineddin R. Measuring data reliability for preventive services in electronic medical records. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:116.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"740_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-015-0195-x","volume":"15","author":"K Tu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tu K, Widdifield J, Young J, et al. Are family physicians comprehensively using electronic medical records such that the data can be used for secondary purposes? A Canadian perspective. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2015;15:67.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"740_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocw013","volume":"23","author":"A Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer A, Yakubovich S, Kroeker AL, Dufault B, Duarte R, Katz A. Data quality of electronic medical records in Manitoba: do problem lists accurately reflect chronic disease billing diagnoses? J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2016;23:1107\u201312.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"740_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4338\/ACI-2012-10-CR-0041","volume":"4","author":"M Laberge","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laberge M, Shachak A. Developing a tool to assess the quality of socio-demographic data in community health centres. Appl Clin Inform. 2013;4:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"key":"740_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2016.02.002","volume":"10","author":"M Staff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Staff M, Roberts C, March L. The completeness of electronic medical record data for patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care and its implications for computer modelling of predicted clinical outcomes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2016;10:352\u20139.","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"key":"740_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2012-001479","volume":"21","author":"P Barkhuysen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barkhuysen P, de GW, Akkermans R, Donkers J, Schers H, Biermans M. Is the quality of data in an electronic medical record sufficient for assessing the quality of primary care? J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;21:692\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"740_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1071\/PY14071","volume":"21","author":"R Bailie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bailie R, Bailie J, Chakraborty A, Swift K. Consistency of denominator data in electronic health records in Australian primary healthcare services: enhancing data quality. Aust J Prim Health. 2015;21:450\u20139.","journal-title":"Aust J Prim Health"},{"key":"740_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558709359007","volume":"67","author":"KS Chan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chan KS, Fowles JB, Weiner JP. Review: electronic health records and the reliability and validity of quality measures: a review of the literature. Med Care Res Rev. 2010;67:503\u201327.","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"key":"740_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7398.1070","volume":"326","author":"K Thiru","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thiru K, Hassey A, Sullivan F. Systematic review of scope and quality of electronic patient record data in primary care. BMJ. 2003;326:1\u20135.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"740_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmh409","volume":"21","author":"K Jordan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jordan K, Porcheret M, Croft P. Quality of morbidity coding in general practice computerized medical records: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2004;21:396\u2013412.","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"740_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000681","volume":"20","author":"NG Weiskopf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weiskopf NG, Weng C. Methods and dimensions of electronic health record data quality assessment: enabling reuse for clinical research. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2013;20:144\u201351.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"740_CR24","first-page":"1655","volume":"54","author":"RE Upshur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Upshur RE, Tracy S. Chronicity and complexity: is what's good for the diseases always good for the patients? Can Fam Physician. 2008;54:1655\u20138.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"740_CR25","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Patients First: A Proposal to Strengthen Patient-Centred Health Care in Ontario: Queen\u2019s Printer for Ontario; 2015. \n                    http:\/\/www.health.gov.on.ca\/en\/news\/bulletin\/2015\/docs\/discussion_paper_20151217.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 19 Jan 2018"},{"key":"740_CR26","unstructured":"Hasan S, Padman R. Analyzing the effect of data quality on the accuracy of clinical decision support systems: a computer simulation approach. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006:324\u20138."},{"key":"740_CR27","first-page":"e5","volume":"11","author":"M Bowen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bowen M, Lau F. Defining and evaluating electronic medical record data quality within the Canadian context. ElectronicHealthcare. 2012;11:e5\u2013e13.","journal-title":"ElectronicHealthcare"},{"key":"740_CR28","volume-title":"A dictionary of epidemiology","year":"1995","unstructured":"Last JM, editor. A dictionary of epidemiology. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.","edition":"3"},{"key":"740_CR29","first-page":"243","volume":"12","author":"ER Faulconer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Faulconer ER, de Lusignan S. An eight-step method for assessing diagnostic data quality in practice: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as an exemplar. Inform Prim Care. 2004;12:243\u201353.","journal-title":"Inform Prim Care"},{"key":"740_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7299.1401","volume":"322","author":"A Hassey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hassey A, Gerrett D, Wilson A. A survey of validity and utility of electronic patient records in a general practice. BMJ. 2001;322:1401\u20135.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"740_CR31","first-page":"342","volume":"4","author":"WR Hogan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hogan WR, Wagner MM. Accuracy of data in computer-based patient records. JAMIA. 1997;4:342\u201355.","journal-title":"JAMIA"},{"key":"740_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634243","volume":"42","author":"JG Williams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Williams JG. Measuring the completeness and currency of codified clinical information. Methods Inf Med. 2003;42:482\u20138.","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"key":"740_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2013.06.010","volume":"46","author":"NG Weiskopf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weiskopf NG, Hripcsak G, Swaminathan S, Weng C. Defining and measuring completeness of electronic health records for secondary use. J Biomed Inform. 2013;46:830\u20136.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"740_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1644","volume":"12","author":"T Williamson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williamson T, Green ME, Birtwhistle R, et al. Validating the 8 CPCSSN case definitions for chronic disease surveillance in a primary care database of electronic health records. Ann Fam Med. 2014;12:367\u201372.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"740_CR35","first-page":"26","volume":"2","author":"M Stewart","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stewart M, Thind A, Terry A, Chevendra V, Marshall JN. Implementing and maintaining a researchable database from electronic medical records - a perspective from an academic family medicine department. Healthc Policy. 2009;2:26\u201339.","journal-title":"Healthc Policy"},{"key":"740_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001885","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001885","volume":"12","author":"EI Benchimol","year":"2015","unstructured":"Benchimol EI, Smeeth L, Guttmann A, et al. The REporting of studies conducted using observational routinely-collected health data (RECORD) statement. PLoS Med. 2015;12:e1001885.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"740_CR37","first-page":"203","volume":"14","author":"S Lusignan de","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Lusignan S, Metsemakers JFM, Houwink P, Gunnarsdottir V, van der Lei J. Routinely collected general practice data: goldmines for research? A report of the European Federation for Medical Informatics Primary Care Informatics Working Group (EFMI PCIWG) from MIE2006, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Inform Prim Care. 2006;14:203\u20139.","journal-title":"Inform Prim Care"},{"key":"740_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558709332440","volume":"66","author":"BB Dean","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dean BB, Lam J, Natoli JL, Butler Q, Aguilar D, Nordyke RJ. Review: use of electronic medical records for health outcomes research: a literature review. Med Care Res Rev. 2009;66:611\u201338.","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"key":"740_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-015-0223-z","volume":"16","author":"N Coleman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coleman N, Halas G, Peeler W, Casaclang N, Williamson T, Katz A. From patient care to research: a validation study examining the factors contributing to data quality in a primary care electronic medical record database. BMC Fam Pract. 2015;16:11.","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"740_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv098","volume":"44","author":"E Herrett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herrett E, Gallagher AM, Bhaskaran K, et al. Data resource profile: clinical practice research datalink (CPRD). Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44:827\u201336.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"740_CR41","first-page":"1472","volume":"2013","author":"NG Weiskopf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weiskopf NG, Rusanov A, Weng C. Sick patients have more data: the non-random completeness of electronic health records. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2013;2013:1472\u20137.","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"key":"740_CR42","first-page":"820","volume":"42","author":"ST Liaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liaw ST, Taggart J, Yu H, de Lusignan S. Data extraction from electronic health records - existing tools may be unreliable and potentially unsafe. Aust Fam Physician. 2013;42:820\u20133.","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"740_CR43","first-page":"1058","volume":"2","author":"KE Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson KE, Kamineni A, Fuller S, Olmstead D, Wernli KJ. How the provenance of electronic health record data matters for research: a case example using system mapping. EGEMS (Wash DC ). 2014;2:1058.","journal-title":"EGEMS (Wash DC )"},{"key":"740_CR44","first-page":"1244","volume":"4","author":"MG Kahn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahn MG, Callahan TJ, Barnard J, et al. A harmonized data quality assessment terminology and framework for the secondary use of electronic health record data. EGEMS (Wash DC ). 2016;4:1244.","journal-title":"EGEMS (Wash DC )"},{"key":"740_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaw ST, Pearce CM, Liyanage H, Liaw GSS, de Lusignan S. An integrated organisation- wide data quality management and information governance framework: theoretical underpinnings. Inform Prim Care. 2014;21(4):199\u2013206.","DOI":"10.14236\/jhi.v21i4.87"},{"key":"740_CR46","unstructured":"Bowen M. EMR Data Quality Evaluation Guide. 2012. eHealth Observatory, University of Victoria. \n                    http:\/\/ehealth.uvic.ca\/resources\/tools\/EMRsystem\/2012.04.24-DataQualityEvaluationGuide-v1.0.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed January 17, 2019."}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-019-0740-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-019-0740-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-019-0740-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T19:08:39Z","timestamp":1581448119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-019-0740-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-019-0740-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The DELPHI project received approval from The University of Western Ontario\u2019s Review Board for Health Sciences Research Involving Human Subjects (number 11151E).Written consent was obtained from all physician participants in the DELPHI project. The physicians are the data custodians of the patient\u2019s EMR.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"30"}}