{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:48:15Z","timestamp":1778658495748,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-019-0784-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T00:02:15Z","timestamp":1554336135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Complexities, variations, and errors of numbering within clinical notes: the potential impact on information extraction and cohort-identification"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Hanauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiaozhu","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V. G. Vinod","family":"Vydiswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zach","family":"Landis-Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"784_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0992","volume":"34","author":"J Adler-Milstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adler-Milstein J, DesRoches CM, Kralovec P, Foster G, Worzala C, Charles D, Searcy T, Jha AK. Electronic health record adoption in US hospitals: Progress continues, but challenges persist. Health Aff (Millwood). 2015;34(12):2174\u201380.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"e1","key":"784_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2012-000968","volume":"19","author":"MG Kahn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kahn MG, Weng C. Clinical research informatics: a conceptual perspective. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2012;19(e1):e36\u201342.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"784_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2013.06.004","volume":"46","author":"C Friedman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Friedman C, Rindflesch TC, Corn M. Natural language processing: state of the art and prospects for significant progress, a workshop sponsored by the National Library of medicine. J Biomed Inform. 2013;46(5):765\u201373.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"784_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4338\/ACI-2013-08-CR-0065","volume":"5","author":"P Biron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Biron P, Metzger MH, Pezet C, Sebban C, Barthuet E, Durand T. An information retrieval system for computerized patient records in the context of a daily hospital practice: the example of the Leon Berard Cancer center (France). Appl Clin Inform. 2014;5(1):191\u2013205.","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"key":"784_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2015.05.003","volume":"55","author":"DA Hanauer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanauer DA, Mei Q, Law J, Khanna R, Zheng K. Supporting information retrieval from electronic health records: a report of University of Michigan's nine-year experience in developing and using the electronic medical record search engine (EMERSE). J Biomed Inform. 2015;55:290\u2013300.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"9","key":"784_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2012.1362","volume":"5","author":"B Koopman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koopman B, Bruza P, Sitbon L, Lawley M. Towards semantic search and inference in electronic medical records: an approach using concept--based information retrieval. Australas Med J. 2012;5(9):482\u20138.","journal-title":"Australas Med J"},{"key":"784_CR7","first-page":"180","volume":"2012","author":"T Edinger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Edinger T, Cohen AM, Bedrick S, Ambert K, Hersh W. Barriers to retrieving patient information from electronic health record data: failure analysis from the TREC medical records track. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2012;2012:180\u20138.","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"issue":"5","key":"784_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000464","volume":"18","author":"PM Nadkarni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nadkarni PM, Ohno-Machado L, Chapman WW. Natural language processing: an introduction. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2011;18(5):544\u201351.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"784_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00052-6","volume":"29","author":"P Ruch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ruch P, Baud R, Geissbuhler A. Using lexical disambiguation and named-entity recognition to improve spelling correction in the electronic patient record. Artif Intell Med. 2003;29(1\u20132):169\u201384.","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"key":"784_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2013.09.009","volume":"47","author":"BT McInnes","year":"2014","unstructured":"McInnes BT, Stevenson M. Determining the difficulty of word sense disambiguation. J Biomed Inform. 2014;47:83\u201390.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"784_CR11","first-page":"1310","volume":"2012","author":"S Moon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moon S, Pakhomov S, Melton GB. Automated disambiguation of acronyms and abbreviations in clinical texts: window and training size considerations. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2012;2012:1310\u20139.","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"784_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4338\/ACI-2014-10-RA-0088","volume":"6","author":"Y Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu Y, Denny JC, Rosenbloom ST, Miller RA, Giuse DA, Song M, Xu H. A preliminary study of clinical abbreviation disambiguation in real time. Appl Clin Inform. 2015;6(2):364\u201374.","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"issue":"5","key":"784_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001627","volume":"20","author":"C Grouin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grouin C, Grabar N, Hamon T, Rosset S, Tannier X, Zweigenbaum P. Eventual situations for timeline extraction from clinical reports. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2013;20(5):820\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"784_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001625","volume":"20","author":"A Kovacevic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kovacevic A, Dehghan A, Filannino M, Keane JA, Nenadic G. Combining rules and machine learning for extraction of temporal expressions and events from clinical narratives. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2013;20(5):859\u201366.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"784_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001619","volume":"20","author":"K Roberts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roberts K, Rink B, Harabagiu SM. A flexible framework for recognizing events, temporal expressions, and temporal relations in clinical text. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2013;20(5):867\u201375.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"784_CR16","first-page":"321","volume":"2012","author":"DA Hanauer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hanauer DA, Liu Y, Mei Q, Manion FJ, Balis UJ, Zheng K. Hedging their mets: the use of uncertainty terms in clinical documents and its potential implications when sharing the documents with patients. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2012;2012:321\u201330.","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"784_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2012-001145","volume":"20","author":"G Hripcsak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hripcsak G, Albers DJ. Next-generation phenotyping of electronic health records. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2013;20(1):117\u201321.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"e2","key":"784_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e243","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001930","volume":"20","author":"CL Overby","year":"2013","unstructured":"Overby CL, Pathak J, Gottesman O, Haerian K, Perotte A, Murphy S, Bruce K, Johnson S, Talwalkar J, Shen Y, et al. A collaborative approach to developing an electronic health record phenotyping algorithm for drug-induced liver injury. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2013;20(e2):e243\u201352.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"e2","key":"784_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-002428","volume":"20","author":"J Pathak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pathak J, Kho AN, Denny JC. Electronic health records-driven phenotyping: challenges, recent advances, and perspectives. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2013;20(e2):e206\u201311.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"784_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-001935","volume":"21","author":"C Shivade","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shivade C, Raghavan P, Fosler-Lussier E, Embi PJ, Elhadad N, Johnson SB, Lai AM. A review of approaches to identifying patient phenotype cohorts using electronic health records. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;21(2):221\u201330.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"784_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2013.06.010","volume":"46","author":"NG Weiskopf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weiskopf NG, Hripcsak G, Swaminathan S, Weng C. Defining and measuring completeness of electronic health records for secondary use. J Biomed Inform. 2013;46(5):830\u20136.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"784_CR22","unstructured":"Whitney CR. Jeanne Calment, World\u2019s elder, dies at 122. New York Times; 1997. Found at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1997\/08\/05\/world\/jeanne-calment-world-s-elder-dies-at-122.html . Accessed 4 Mar 2019."},{"key":"784_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2016.01.002","volume":"88","author":"X Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu X, Wu C, Zhang K, Wei D. Residents\u2019 numeric inputting error in computerized physician order entry prescription. Int J Med Inform. 2016;88:25\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"784_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1142","volume":"30","author":"ET Rhodes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rhodes ET, Laffel LM, Gonzalez TV, Ludwig DS. Accuracy of administrative coding for type 2 diabetes in children, adolescents, and young adults. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(1):141\u20133.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"784_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000784","volume":"19","author":"O Uzuner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uzuner O, Bodnari A, Shen S, Forbush T, Pestian J, South BR. Evaluating the state of the art in coreference resolution for electronic medical records. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2012;19(5):786\u201391.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"784_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2009.001560","volume":"17","author":"GK Savova","year":"2010","unstructured":"Savova GK, Masanz JJ, Ogren PV, Zheng J, Sohn S, Kipper-Schuler KC, Chute CG. Mayo clinical text analysis and knowledge extraction system (cTAKES): architecture, component evaluation and applications. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2010;17(5):507\u201313.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"784_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2013-002133","volume":"21","author":"R Chasin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chasin R, Rumshisky A, Uzuner O, Szolovits P. Word sense disambiguation in the clinical domain: a comparison of knowledge-rich and knowledge-poor unsupervised methods. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;21(5):842\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"784_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2012-001350","volume":"20","author":"VN Garla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garla VN, Brandt C. Knowledge-based biomedical word sense disambiguation: an evaluation and application to clinical document classification. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2013;20(5):882\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"784_CR29","unstructured":"Java Number Normalizer (Beta), Natural language processing lab, bar-Ilan University. http:\/\/u.cs.biu.ac.il\/~nlp\/resources\/downloads\/java-number-normalizer-beta\/ . Accessed 2 Feb 2019."},{"key":"784_CR30","unstructured":"Class NumberNormalizer, Stanford University. http:\/\/nlp.stanford.edu\/nlp\/javadoc\/javanlp\/edu\/stanford\/nlp\/ie\/NumberNormalizer.html . Accessed 2 Feb 2019."},{"key":"784_CR31","unstructured":"MedTime Project Page. http:\/\/ohnlp.org\/index.php\/MedTime_Project_Page . Accessed 2 Feb 2019."},{"key":"784_CR32","unstructured":"MedKATp. http:\/\/ohnlp.org\/index.php\/MedKATp . Accessed 2 Feb 2019."},{"key":"784_CR33","unstructured":"A Comparison of 13 Tokenizers on MEDLINE. https:\/\/lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov\/publication\/lhncbc-tr-2006-003 . Accessed 2 Feb 2019."},{"key":"784_CR34","unstructured":"Cruz D\u00edaz NP, Ma\u00f1a L\u00f3pez MM. An analysis of biomedical tokenization: problems and strategies. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Health Text Mining and Information Analysis (Louhi). Lisbon; 2015. p. 40\u20139. Found at: https:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/W\/W15\/W15-2605.pdf . Accessed 4 Mar 2019."},{"issue":"3","key":"784_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2011.2180917","volume":"16","author":"I Berges","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berges I, Bermudez J, Illarramendi A. Toward semantic interoperability of electronic health records. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed. 2012;16(3):424\u201331.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"784_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocu013","volume":"22","author":"C Martinez-Costa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martinez-Costa C, Cornet R, Karlsson D, Schulz S, Kalra D. Semantic enrichment of clinical models towards semantic interoperability. The heart failure summary use case. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2015;22(3):565\u201376.","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"784_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2013.19.4.286","volume":"19","author":"A Tapuria","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tapuria A, Kalra D, Kobayashi S. Contribution of clinical archetypes, and the challenges, towards achieving semantic interoperability for EHRs. Healthc Inform Res. 2013;19(4):286\u201392.","journal-title":"Healthc Inform Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"784_CR38","first-page":"588","volume":"32","author":"A Kokcu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kokcu A, Tosun M, Alper T, Sakinci M. Primary carcinoma of the neovagina: a case report. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2011;32(5):588\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Gynaecol Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"784_CR39","first-page":"1269","volume":"14","author":"M Sayyah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sayyah M, Boostani H, Ashrafpoori M, Pakseresht S. Effects of atorvastatin on negative sign in chronic schizophrenia: a double blind clinical trial. Iran J Pharm Res. 2015;14(4):1269\u201374.","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"key":"784_CR40","unstructured":"Stimulated Intrauterine Insemination Cycles and Unstimulated Intrauterine Insemination Cycles in Couples With Unexplained Infertility. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02461173 . Accessed 2 Feb 2019."},{"key":"784_CR41","unstructured":"East-West Collaboration Treatment Using Bee Venom Acupuncture and NSAIDs for Chronic Cervicalgia. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01922466 . Accessed 2 Feb 2019."},{"key":"784_CR42","unstructured":"Direct Oral Anticoagulants Pharmacodynamics in Octogenarian Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02623049 . Accessed 2 Feb 2019."},{"key":"784_CR43","unstructured":"Revascularization in Nonagenarian Patients With Critical Lower Limb Ischaemia (NONA-CLI). https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02517840 . Accessed 2 Feb 2019."},{"key":"784_CR44","first-page":"856","volume":"192","author":"M Tong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tong M, Hsu W, Taira RK. A formal representation for numerical data presented in published clinical trial reports. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2013;192:856\u201360.","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-019-0784-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-019-0784-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-019-0784-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]],"date-time":"2020-12-05T12:27:55Z","timestamp":1607171275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-019-0784-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-019-0784-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was determined to be \u2018not regulated\u2019 by the University of Michigan Medical School Institutional Review Board.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"75"}}