{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:03:14Z","timestamp":1778864594242,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["146261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["146261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Implementation theories, models and frameworks offer guidance when implementing and sustaining healthcare evidence-based interventions. However, selection can be challenging given the myriad of potential options. We propose to inform a decision support tool to facilitate the appropriate selection of an implementation theory, model or framework in practice. To inform tool development, this study aimed to explore barriers and facilitators to identifying and selecting implementation theories, models and frameworks in research and practice, as well as end-user preferences for features and functions of the proposed tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used an interpretive descriptive approach to conduct semi-structured interviews with implementation researchers and practitioners in Canada, the United States and Australia. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim. Data were inductively coded by a single investigator with a subset of 20% coded independently by a second investigator and analyzed using thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-four individuals participated in the study. Categories of barriers\/facilitators, to inform tool development, included characteristics of the individual or team conducting implementation and characteristics of the implementation theory, model or framework. Major barriers to selection included inconsistent terminology, poor fit with the implementation context and limited knowledge about and training in existing theories, models and frameworks. Major facilitators to selection included the importance of clear and concise language and evidence that the theory, model or framework was applied in a relevant health setting or context. Participants were enthusiastic about the development of a decision support tool that is user-friendly, accessible and practical. Preferences for tool features included key questions about the implementation intervention or project (e.g., purpose, stage of implementation, intended target for change) and a comprehensive list of relevant theories, models and frameworks to choose from along with a glossary of terms and the contexts in which they were applied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An easy to use decision support tool that addresses key barriers to selecting an implementation theory, model or framework in practice may be beneficial to individuals who facilitate implementation practice activities. Findings on end-user preferences for tool features and functions will inform tool development and design through a user-centered approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01128-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T15:04:59Z","timestamp":1589468699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Identifying and selecting implementation theories, models and frameworks: a qualitative study to inform the development of a decision support tool"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Strifler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan M.","family":"Barnsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hillmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6106-832X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Straus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1128_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0656-y","volume":"12","author":"SA Birken","year":"2017","unstructured":"Birken SA, Powell BJ, Shea CM, Haines ER, Alexis Kirk M, Leeman J, et al. Criteria for selecting implementation science theories and frameworks: results from an international survey. Implement Sci. 2017;12(1):124.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"Complete","key":"1128_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.04.008","volume":"100","author":"L Strifler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strifler L, Cardoso R, McGowan J, Cogo E, Nincic V, Khan PA, et al. Scoping review identifies significant number of knowledge translation theories, models, and frameworks with limited use. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;100(Complete):92\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1128_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0242-0","volume":"10","author":"P Nilsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nilsen P. Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks. Implement Sci. 2015;10(1):53.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"9391","key":"1128_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14546-1","volume":"362","author":"R Grol","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grol R, Grimshaw J. From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients' care. Lancet. 2003;362(9391):1225\u201330.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1128_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.48","volume":"26","author":"CA Estabrooks","year":"2006","unstructured":"Estabrooks CA, Thompson DS, Lovely JJE, Hofmeyer A. A guide to knowledge translation theory. J Contin Educ Heal Prof. 2006;26(1):25\u201336.","journal-title":"J Contin Educ Heal Prof"},{"key":"1128_CR6","volume-title":"Health behavior and health education. Theory, research, and practice. 4th ed","author":"K Glanz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health behavior and health education. Theory, research, and practice. 4th ed. San Francisco: Wiley; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"1128_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-1-4","volume":"1","author":"The Improved Clinical Effectiveness through Behavioural Research Group (ICEBeRG)","year":"2006","unstructured":"The Improved Clinical Effectiveness through Behavioural Research Group (ICEBeRG). Designing theoretically-informed implementation interventions. Implement Sci. 2006;1(1):4.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1128_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2014-003627","volume":"24","author":"F Davidoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davidoff F, Dixon-Woods M, Leviton L, Michie S. Demystifying theory and its use in improvement. BMJ Qual Saf. 2015;24(3):228.","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"1128_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0836-4","volume":"13","author":"SA Birken","year":"2018","unstructured":"Birken SA, Rohweder CL, Powell BJ, Shea CM, Scott J, Leeman J, et al. T-CaST: an implementation theory comparison and selection tool. Implement Sci. 2018;13(1):143.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"1128_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3671-z","volume":"18","author":"EA Lynch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lynch EA, Mudge A, Knowles S, Kitson AL, Hunter SC, Harvey G. \u201cThere is nothing so practical as a good theory\u201d: a pragmatic guide for selecting theoretical approaches for implementation projects. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18:857.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1128_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0758-1","volume":"13","author":"CR May","year":"2018","unstructured":"May CR, Cummings A, Girling M, Bracher M, Mair FS, May CM, Murray E, Myall M, Rapley T, Finch T. Using normalization process theory in feasibility studies and process evaluations of complex healthcare interventions: a systematic review. Implement Sci. 2018;13(1):80.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1128_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0628-2","volume":"12","author":"TA Skolarus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Skolarus TA, Lehmann T, Tabak RG, Harris J, Lecy J, Sales AE. Assessing citation networks for dissemination and implementation research frameworks. Implement Sci. 2017;12(1):97.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1128_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0800-3","volume":"13","author":"JE Moore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moore JE, Rashid S, Park JS, Khan S, Straus SE. Longitudinal evaluation of a course to build core competencies in implementation practice. Implement Sci. 2018;13(1):106.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"1128_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-014-0172-2","volume":"9","author":"B Field","year":"2014","unstructured":"Field B, Booth A, Ilott I, Gerrish K. Using the knowledge to action framework in practice: a citation analysis and systematic review. Implement Sci. 2014;9:172.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"1128_CR15","volume-title":"Implementation Guide","author":"Department of Veterans Health Administration, Health Services Research & Development, Quality Enhancement Research Initiative","year":"2013","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Health Administration, Health Services Research & Development, Quality Enhancement Research Initiative. Implementation Guide. 2013; Available at: https:\/\/www.queri.research.va.gov\/implementation\/. Accessed 8 Jan 2020."},{"key":"1128_CR16","volume-title":"Dissemination and implementation in health training guide and workbook","author":"Center for Research in Implementation Science and Prevention, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Center for Research in Implementation Science and Prevention, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. Dissemination and implementation in health training guide and workbook. 2013; Available at: http:\/\/www.crispebooks.org\/. Accessed 8 Jan 2020."},{"key":"1128_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118413555","volume-title":"Knowledge translation in health care. Moving from evidence to practice. 2nd ed","author":"SE Straus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Straus SE, Tetroe J, Graham ID. Knowledge translation in health care. Moving from evidence to practice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell; 2013."},{"issue":"3","key":"1128_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.05.024","volume":"43","author":"RG Tabak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tabak RG, Khoong EC, Chambers DA, Brownson RC. Bridging research and practice: models for dissemination and implementation research. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43(3):337\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"1128_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-016-0262-y","volume":"16","author":"C Timmings","year":"2016","unstructured":"Timmings C, Khan S, Moore JE, Marquez C, Pykal K, Straus SE. Ready, set, change! Development and usability testing of an online readiness for change decision support tool for healthcare organizations. BMC Med Inform and Decis Mak. 2016;16:24.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform and Decis Mak"},{"issue":"1","key":"1128_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.47","volume":"26","author":"ID Graham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Graham ID, Logan J, Harrison MB, Straus SE, Tetroe J, Caswell W, et al. Lost in knowledge translation: time for a map? J Contin Educ Heal Prof. 2006;26(1):13\u201324.","journal-title":"J Contin Educ Heal Prof"},{"key":"1128_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a1655","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1655","volume":"337","author":"P Craig","year":"2008","unstructured":"Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2008;337:a1655.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"1128_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2012.04.011","volume":"65","author":"M Kastner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kastner M, Straus SE. Application of the knowledge-to-action and Medical Research Council frameworks in the development of an osteoporosis clinical decision support tool. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(11):1163\u201370.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1128_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315426259","volume-title":"Interpretive description: qualitative research for applied practice","author":"S Thorne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thorne S. Interpretive description: qualitative research for applied practice. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge; 2016.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"1128_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.5172\/conu.2000.9.2.169","volume":"9","author":"MGJ Parsons","year":"2000","unstructured":"Parsons MGJ. A guide to the use of focus groups in health care research: part 1. Contemp Nurse. 2000;9(2):169\u201380.","journal-title":"Contemp Nurse"},{"issue":"6","key":"1128_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","volume":"19","author":"A Tong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health C. 2007;19(6):349\u201357.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health C"},{"key":"1128_CR26","volume-title":"Qualitative research: sampling & sample size considerations","author":"B Nastasi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nastasi B. Qualitative research: sampling & sample size considerations. 2010; Available at: https:\/\/my.laureate.net\/Faculty\/docs\/Faculty%20Documents\/Forms\/AllItems.aspx. Accessed 1 Oct 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"1128_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2004.011155","volume":"14","author":"S Michie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Michie S, Johnston M, Abraham C, Lawton R, Parker D, Walker A, et al. Making psychological theory useful for implementing evidence based practice: a consensus approach. Qual Saf Health Care. 2005;14(1):26\u201333.","journal-title":"Qual Saf Health Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1128_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-7-37","volume":"7","author":"J Cane","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cane J, O\u2019Connor D, Michie S. Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behaviour change and implementation research. Implement Sci. 2012;7(1):37.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"1128_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"VCV Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun VCV. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1128_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12223","volume":"14","author":"MC Iowa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iowa MC, Buckwalter KC, Cullen L, Hanrahan K, Kleiber C, McCarthy AM, et al. Iowa model of evidence-based practice: revisions and validation. Worldviews Evid-Based Nurs. 2017;14(3):175\u201382.","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid-Based Nurs"},{"key":"1128_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","volume":"6","author":"S Michie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci. 2011;6:42.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1128_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2009.08.010","volume":"50","author":"R Bastani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bastani R, Glenn BA, Taylor VM, Chen MS, Nguyen TT, Stewart SL, et al. Integrating theory into community interventions to reduce liver cancer disparities: the health behavior framework. Prev Med. 2010;50(1\u20132):63\u20137.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1128_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1145\/1047671.1047677","volume":"48","author":"J Mao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mao J, Vredenburg K, Smith PW, Carey T. The state of user-centered design practice. Comm ACM. 2005;48(3):105\u20139.","journal-title":"Comm ACM"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01128-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01128-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01128-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T19:23:12Z","timestamp":1620933792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01128-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01128-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.17214\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.17214\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.17214\/v3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Research ethics board approval was obtained from Unity Health Toronto (REB #16\u2013335) and the University of Toronto (REB #33907). Ethics approval covered recruitment at the conferences and workshops, which covered the study participants in the USA and Australia. Verbal informed consent was approved by the ethics boards and obtained and recorded at the start of the phone interview using a predetermined script.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare no potential (or perceived) conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"91"}}