{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T23:09:17Z","timestamp":1783724957260,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593734400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-01161-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T06:14:56Z","timestamp":1593756896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["Cybersecurity of Hospitals: discussing the challenges and working towards mitigating the risks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Salem T.","family":"Argaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan R.","family":"Troncoso-Pastoriza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Lacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Valentine","family":"Florin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Calcavecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Burleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Michael","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chana","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Eshaya-Chauvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6957-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Flahault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1161_CR1","unstructured":"Sixth Annual Benchmark Study on Privacy & Security of Healthcare Data. Traverse City: Ponemon Institute LLC; 2016. p. 1\u201350.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ponemon.org\/local\/upload\/file\/Sixth%20Annual%20Patient%20Privacy%20%26%20Data%20Security%20Report%20FINAL%206.pdf."},{"key":"1161_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin G, Martin P, Hankin C, Darzi A, Kinross J. Cybersecurity and healthcare: how safe are we? BMJ. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJ.J3179.","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.J3179"},{"key":"1161_CR3","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Security trends in the healthcare industry","author":"M Alvarez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alvarez M. Security trends in the healthcare industry. Somers: IBM; 2017. p. 2\u201318."},{"key":"1161_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Millard WB. Where bits and bytes meet flesh and blood. Ann Emerg Med. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.07.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.07.008"},{"key":"1161_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"ST Argaw","year":"2019","unstructured":"Argaw ST, Bempong N, Eshaya-Chauvin B, Flahault A. The state of research on cyberattacks against hospitals and available best practice recommendations: a scoping review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2019;5:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"1161_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00314","volume-title":"Science Has to Take Responsibility . 10 Years World Health Summit \u2014 The Road to Better Health for All","author":"D Ganten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ganten D, Silva JG, Regateiro F, et al. Science Has to Take Responsibility . 10 Years World Health Summit \u2014 The Road to Better Health for All; 2018. p. 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00314."},{"key":"1161_CR7","unstructured":"Humer C, Finkle J. Your medical record is worth more to hackers than your credit card. Reuters. 2014. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-cybersecurity-hospitals-idUSKCN0HJ21I20140924. Accessed 27 Apr 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-151102","volume":"24","author":"R Luna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luna R, Rhine E, Myhra M, Sullivan R, Kruse CS. Cyber threats to health information systems: a systematic review. Technol Health Care. 2016;24:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Technol Health Care"},{"key":"1161_CR9","unstructured":"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. https:\/\/aspe.hhs.gov\/report\/health-insurance-portability-and-accountability-act-1996. Accessed 29 May 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR10","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Mountain View: Symantec corperation","author":"The Impact of HIPAA and HITECH","year":"2010","unstructured":"The Impact of HIPAA and HITECH. Mountain View: Symantec corperation; 2010. p. 1\u20137."},{"key":"1161_CR11","unstructured":"Regulation 2016\/679 of the European parliament and the Council of the European Union. Brussels: Off J Eur Communities; 2016: 1\u201388."},{"key":"1161_CR12","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Governance of trust in precision medicine","author":"EPFL IRGC","year":"2018","unstructured":"EPFL IRGC. Governance of trust in precision medicine. Lausanne: EPFL International Risk Governance Center; 2018. p. 1\u201324."},{"key":"1161_CR13","unstructured":"Bradley N, Alvarez M, McMillen D, Craig S. Reviewing a year of serious data breaches, major attacks and new vulnerabilities: Analysis of cyber attack and incident data from IBM\u2019s worldwide security services operations. Somers: IBM X-Force\u00ae Res 2016 Cyber Secur Intell Index. 2016: 1\u201319. 2017."},{"key":"1161_CR14","unstructured":"Cost of Data Breach Study, Global Overview. Traverse City: Ponemon Institute LLC; 2017. p. 1\u201334.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ponemon.org\/library\/2017-cost-of-data-breach-study-united-states."},{"key":"1161_CR15","unstructured":"Steffen S. Hackers hold German hospital data hostage. DW. 2016. http:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/hackers-hold-german-hospital-data-hostage\/a-19076030. Accessed 20 Feb 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR16","unstructured":"Zorz Z. Crypto ransomware hits German hospitals. Help Net Security 2016. https:\/\/www.helpnetsecurity.com\/2016\/02\/26\/crypto-ransomware-hits-german-hospitals\/. ."},{"key":"1161_CR17","unstructured":"Khandelwal S. Nearly half of the Norway population exposed in HealthCare data breach. The Hacker News 2018. https:\/\/thehackernews.com\/2018\/01\/healthcare-data-breach.html. Accessed 21 Feb 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR18","unstructured":"Hughes O. Norway healthcare cyber-attack could be biggest of its kind. Digital Health. 2018. https:\/\/www.digitalhealth.net\/2018\/01\/norway-healthcare-cyber-attack-could-be-biggest\/. Accessed 21 Feb 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR19","unstructured":"Irwin L. Breach at Norway\u2019s largest healthcare authority was a disaster waiting to happen. IT Governance Blog 2018. https:\/\/www.itgovernance.eu\/blog\/en\/breach-at-norways-largest-healthcare-authority-was-a-disaster-waiting-to-happen\/. Accessed 21 Feb 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR20","unstructured":"Warwick A. Norwegian healthcare breach alert failed GDPR requirements. Computer Weekly 2018. http:\/\/www.computerweekly.com\/news\/252433538\/Norwegian-healthcare-breach-alert-failed-GDPR-requirements. Accessed 21 Feb 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR21","unstructured":"Secureworks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. SamSam Ransomware campaigns. Secureworks. 2018. https:\/\/www.secureworks.com\/research\/samsam-ransomware-campaigns. Accessed 29 May 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR22","unstructured":"Long S. The cyber attack - from the POV of the CEO - Hancock regional hospital. Hancock Health 2018. https:\/\/www.hancockregionalhospital.org\/2018\/01\/cyber-attack-pov-ceo\/. Accessed 21 Feb 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR23","unstructured":"Hughes O. Hancock regional hospital back online after paying hackers $55,000. Digital Health 2018. https:\/\/www.digitalhealth.net\/2018\/01\/hancock-regional-hospital-back-online\/. Accessed 21 Feb 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR24","unstructured":"Laudon KC, Jane P. Laudon. IT Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies. In: Management Information Systems: Managing The Digital Firm. 10th edition. Prentice Hall; 2008. https:\/\/paginas.fe.up.pt\/~als\/mis10e\/ch5\/chpt5-2bullettext.htm. Accessed 16 Apr 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR25","unstructured":"A guide to service asset and configuration management. Oxford: UCSIA ITIL; 2014. p. 1\u20139. https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/29873674\/ITIL_guide_to_SA_and_CM_management_pdf."},{"key":"1161_CR26","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A practical methodology for implementing a patch management process","author":"D Voldal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Voldal D. A practical methodology for implementing a patch management process. Swansea: SANS Inst Inf Secur Read Room; 2003. p. 1\u201314."},{"key":"1161_CR27","unstructured":"A guide to change management. Oxford: UCSIA ITIL; 2017. p. 1\u20134. https:\/\/docuri.com\/download\/itila-guide-to-change-management-pdf_59c1e978f581710b286d4333_pdf."},{"key":"1161_CR28","unstructured":"The CIS Critical security controls for effective cyber defense. 2016. https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/legalcode."},{"key":"1161_CR29","unstructured":"Centricity Down After Applying Windows Updates. Quatris health. 2016. http:\/\/www.quatris.com\/messagecenter\/centricity-services-update-centricity-applying-windows-updates\/. Accessed 30 May 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanev G, Apiafi R. A Value Blueprint Approach to Cybersecurity in Networked Medical Devices. Technol Innov Manag Rev. 2015;5(6):17\u201325.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22215\/timreview\/903.","DOI":"10.22215\/timreview\/903"},{"key":"1161_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarenga A, Tanev G. Cybersecurity risk assessment framework that integrates value-sensitive design. Technol Innov Manag Rev. 2017;7:32\u201343.\u00a0.","DOI":"10.22215\/timreview1069"},{"key":"1161_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.12882","volume":"204","author":"V Moses","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moses V, Korah I. Lack of security of networked medical equipment in radiology. Am J Roentgenol. 2015;204:343\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1161_CR33","unstructured":"Software as a Medical Device ( SAMD ): Clinical Evaluation Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff. 2017. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/100714\/download. Accessed 7 Oct 2019."},{"key":"1161_CR34","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Silver Spring: FDA; 2018. 1-18. 2017 HIMSS Cybersecurity survey","author":"Medical Device Safety Action Plan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Medical Device Safety Action Plan. Silver Spring: FDA; 2018. 1-18. 2017 HIMSS Cybersecurity survey. Chicago: HIMSS; 2017. p. 5\u201337."},{"key":"1161_CR35","first-page":"273","volume":"24","author":"SI Khan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khan SI, Hoque ASML. Digital health data: a comprehensive review of privacy and security risks and some recommendations. Comput Sci J Mold. 2016;24:273\u201392.","journal-title":"Comput Sci J Mold"},{"key":"1161_CR36","unstructured":"Protecting Your Networks from Ransomware. Washington, DC: The United States Department of Justice; 2016. p. 2\u20138.\u00a0https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/criminal-ccips\/file\/872771\/download."},{"key":"1161_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liveri D, Sarri A, Skouloudi C. Security and resilience in eHealth: security challenges and risks. ENISA. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2824\/217830.","DOI":"10.2824\/217830"},{"key":"1161_CR38","unstructured":"EPFL IRGC. Governing cybersecurity risks and benefits of the."},{"key":"1161_CR39","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Connected medical & health devices and connected vehicles. Workshop report","author":"Internet of Things","year":"2017","unstructured":"Internet of Things. Connected medical & health devices and connected vehicles. Workshop report. Lausanne: EPFL International Risk Governance Center; 2017. p. 6\u201329."},{"key":"1161_CR40","unstructured":"Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity Note to Readers on the Update. Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards; 2018. p. 1\u201344.\u00a0https:\/\/nvlpubs.nist.gov\/nistpubs\/CSWP\/NIST.CSWP.04162018.pdf."},{"key":"1161_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/computers6010011","volume":"6","author":"B Ondiege","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ondiege B, Clarke M, Mapp G. Exploring a new security framework for remote patient monitoring devices. Computers. 2017;6:11.","journal-title":"Computers."},{"key":"1161_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.05.010","volume-title":"Brainjacking: implant security issues in invasive Neuromodulation. Elsevier","author":"L Pycroft","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pycroft L, Boccard SG, Owen SLF, Stein JF, Fitzgerald JJ, Green AL, et al. Brainjacking: implant security issues in invasive Neuromodulation. Elsevier; 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.05.010."},{"key":"1161_CR43","unstructured":"Wagner S. Les donn\u00e9es m\u00e9dicales d'une centaines de patients des HUG accessibles sur internet. https:\/\/www.ictjournal.ch\/news\/2019-10-04\/les-donnees-medicales-dune-centaines-de-patients-des-hug-accessibles-sur-internet. Accessed 7 Oct 2019."},{"key":"1161_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-161263","volume":"25","author":"CS Kruse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kruse CS, Frederick B, Jacobson T, Monticone DK. Cybersecurity in healthcare: a systematic review of modern threats and trends. Technol Heal Care. 2017;25:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Technol Heal Care"},{"key":"1161_CR45","first-page":"5","volume-title":"The protection of data and systems in networks that connect to the Internet - 10 Best Practices for the Small Healthcare Environment","author":"Cybersecurity","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cybersecurity. The protection of data and systems in networks that connect to the Internet - 10 Best Practices for the Small Healthcare Environment. Washington: Department of Health and Human Service; 2010. p. 5\u201321."},{"key":"1161_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-017-0752-1","volume":"41","author":"JM Ehrenfeld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ehrenfeld JM. WannaCry, Cybersecurity and Health Information Technology: A Time to Act. J Med Syst. 2017;41:104.","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"1161_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.4338\/ACI-2016-04-SOA-0064","volume":"7","author":"DF Sittig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sittig DF, Singh H. A socio-technical approach to preventing, mitigating, and recovering from Ransomware attacks. Appl Clin Inform. 2016;7:624\u201332.","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"key":"1161_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-016-9913-x","volume":"30","author":"SG Langer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langer SG. Cyber-security issues in healthcare information technology. J Digit Imaging. 2017;30:117\u201325.","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging"},{"key":"1161_CR49","first-page":"65","volume":"47","author":"L Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim L. Cybersecurity awareness: Protecting data and patients. Nursing 2018. 2017;47:65\u20137.","journal-title":"Nursing 2018"},{"key":"1161_CR50","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Implementing a vulnerability management process","author":"T Palmaers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palmaers T. Implementing a vulnerability management process. Swansea: SANS Inst Inf Secur Read Room; 2013. p. 1\u201321."},{"key":"1161_CR51","unstructured":"Rochford O, Young G, Lawson C. Predicts 2017: Threat and vulnerability management. Stamford: Gartner; 2016. 1\u20136."},{"key":"1161_CR52","unstructured":"New Report Connects Privileged Account Exploitation to Advanced Cyber Attacks. CyberArk. 2013. https:\/\/www.cyberark.com\/press\/new-report-connects-privileged-account-exploitation-advanced-cyber-attacks\/. Accessed 23 Apr 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3741-z","volume":"31","author":"A Wright","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wright A, Aaron S, Bates DW. The big phish: Cyberattacks against U.S. healthcare systems. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31:1115\u20138.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"1161_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2012.0022","volume":"19","author":"D Harries","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harries D, Yellowlees PM. Cyberterrorism: is the U.S. healthcare system safe? Telemed J E Health. 2013;19:61\u20136.","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"key":"1161_CR55","unstructured":"Strategies to Mitigate Cyber Security Incidents \u2013 Mitigation Details. ASD Australian Signals Directorate. 2017. https:\/\/www.asd.gov.au\/infosec\/top-mitigations\/mitigations-2017-details.htm. Accessed 30 Jan 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR56","unstructured":"Health Care Industry Cybersecurity Task Force Report on Improving Cybersecurity in the Health Care Industry. Washington: Department of Health and Human Service; 2017. 1\u201387."},{"key":"1161_CR57","first-page":"1","volume-title":"State of Cybersecurity & Cyber Threats in healthcare organizations: applied Cybersecurity strategy for managers","author":"A Le Bris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Le Bris A, El Asri W. State of Cybersecurity & Cyber Threats in healthcare organizations: applied Cybersecurity strategy for managers. Cergy: ESSEC Bus Sch; 2017. p. 1\u201313."},{"key":"1161_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2824\/28801","volume-title":"ENISA","author":"SMART Hospitals","year":"2013","unstructured":"SMART Hospitals. ENISA; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2824\/28801."},{"key":"1161_CR59","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Four Questions Every Hospital Leader Should Ask in Order to Prepare for and Manage Cybersecurity Risks","author":"Cybersecurity and Hospitals","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cybersecurity and Hospitals. Four Questions Every Hospital Leader Should Ask in Order to Prepare for and Manage Cybersecurity Risks. Chicago: America Hopital Association; 2015. p. 1\u201315."},{"key":"1161_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams P, Woodward A. Cybersecurity vulnerabilities in medical devices: a complex environment and multifaceted problem. Med Devices Evid Res. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/MDER.S50048.","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S50048"},{"key":"1161_CR61","unstructured":"Healthcare and Public Health Sector-Specific Plan. Washington: Department of Homeland Security; 2015. p. 1\u201353.\u00a0https:\/\/www.cisa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/nipp-ssp-healthcare-public-health-2015-508.pdf."},{"key":"1161_CR62","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Cybersecurity of medical devices - addressing patient safety and the security of patient health information","author":"R Piggin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Piggin R. Cybersecurity of medical devices - addressing patient safety and the security of patient health information. London: BSI; 2017. p. 3\u201322."},{"key":"1161_CR63","unstructured":"The Directive on security of network and information systems (NIS Directive). European Commission. 2016. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/digital-single-market\/en\/network-and-information-security-nis-directive. Accessed 20 Jun 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR64","unstructured":"DPPH18. https:\/\/dpph18.epfl.ch\/. Accessed 30 May 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2015.23241","volume-title":"Machine Learning Classification over Encrypted Data. NDSS","author":"R Bost","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bost R, Popa R, Tu S, Goldwasser S. Machine Learning Classification over Encrypted Data. NDSS; 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14722\/ndss.2015.23241."},{"key":"1161_CR66","first-page":"201","volume":"48","author":"N Dowlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dowlin N, Gilad-Bachrach R, Laine K, Lauter K, Naehrig M, Wernsing J. CryptoNets: Applying neural networks to Encrypted data with high throughput and accuracy. Proc 33rd Int Conf Int Conf Mach Learn. 2016;48:201\u201310.","journal-title":"Proc 33rd Int Conf Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"1161_CR67","first-page":"86","volume":"2016","author":"V Costan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Costan V, Devadas S. Intel SGX explained. IACR Cryptol ePrint Arch. 2016;2016:86.","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol ePrint Arch"},{"key":"1161_CR68","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Prio: private, robust, and scalable computation of aggregate statistics","author":"H Corrigan-Gibbs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corrigan-Gibbs H, Boneh D. Prio: private, robust, and scalable computation of aggregate statistics. Boston: NSDI; 2017. p. 259\u201382."},{"key":"1161_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Froelicher D, Egger P, Sousa JS, Raisaro JL, Huang Z, Mouchet C, et al. UnLynx: a decentralized system for privacy-conscious data sharing. Proc Priv Enhancing Technol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/popets-2017-0047.","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2017-0047"},{"key":"1161_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kokoris-Kogias E, Jovanovic P, Gasser L, Gailly N, Syta E. OmniLedger: a secure, scale-out, decentralized ledger via Sharding. IEEE Symp Secur Priv. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SP.2018.000-5.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.000-5"},{"key":"1161_CR71","first-page":"1","volume-title":"MedCo: Enabling Privacy-Conscious Exploration of Distributed Clinical and Genomic Data","author":"JL Raisaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raisaro JL, Troncoso-Pastoriza JR, Misbach M, Sousa JS, Pradervand S, Missiaglia E, et al. MedCo: Enabling Privacy-Conscious Exploration of Distributed Clinical and Genomic Data. Orlando: 4th Int Work Genome Priv Secur; 2017. p. 1\u201321."},{"key":"1161_CR72","unstructured":"Classify Your Medical Device - Is The Product A Medical Device? 2018. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/MedicalDevices\/DeviceRegulationandGuidance\/Overview\/ClassifyYourDevice\/ucm051512.htm. Accessed 25 Apr 2018."},{"key":"1161_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.185","volume":"49","author":"D Kotz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kotz D, Gunter CA, Kumar S, Weiner JP. Privacy and security in Mobile health: a research agenda. Computer. 2016;49:22\u201330.","journal-title":"Computer."},{"key":"1161_CR74","unstructured":"US hospitals turn away patients as ransomware strike. 2019. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-49905226. Accessed 5 Oct 2019."}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01161-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01161-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01161-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T23:34:19Z","timestamp":1625268859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01161-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-020-01161-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"146"}}