{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T19:55:14Z","timestamp":1776455714298,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>For clinical decision-making, an estimate of remaining lifetime is needed to assess benefit against harm of a treatment during the remaining lifespan. Here, we describe how to predict life expectancy based on age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and a Drug Comorbidity Index (DCI), whilst also considering potential future changes in CCI and DCI using population-based data on Swedish men.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Simulations based on annual updates of vital status, CCI and DCI were used to estimate life expectancy at population level. The probabilities of these transitions were determined from generalised linear models using prostate cancer-free comparison men in PCBaSe Sweden. A simulation was performed for each combination of age, CCI, and DCI. Survival curves were created and compared to observed survival. Life expectancy was then calculated as the area under the simulated survival curve.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There was good agreement between observed and simulated survival curves for most ages and comorbidities, except for younger men. With increasing age and comorbidity, there was a decrease in life expectancy. Cross-validation based on six regions in Sweden also showed that simulated and observed survival was similar.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our proposed method provides an alternative statistical approach to estimate life expectancy at population level based on age and comorbidity assessed by routinely collected information on diagnoses and filled prescriptions available in nationwide health care registers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-022-01766-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T12:02:35Z","timestamp":1644321755000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Population-based estimates of age and comorbidity specific life expectancy: a first application in Swedish males"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mieke","family":"Van Hemelrijck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Ventimiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Gedeborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Holmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P\u00e4r","family":"Stattin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Garmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1766_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X16654444","volume":"37","author":"R Meacock","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meacock R, Sutton M, Kristensen SR, Harrison M. 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The Research Ethics Board at Ume\u00e5 University (Dnr 2016-239 Uppsala Research Ethics Board) approved this study and no informed consent is required from individual participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Rolf Gedeborg is employed by the Medical Products Agency (MPA) in Sweden. The MPA is a Swedish Government Agency. The views expressed in this article may not represent the views of the MPA.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"35"}}