{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T19:01:44Z","timestamp":1771268504079,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to examine the current use of mobile phones by pregnant women and their attitudes towards the use of a variety of prenatal care services through mHealth.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran in 2021. The study population included 168 pregnant women who referred to specialist obstetrics and gynecology clinic. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that included the demographics of the participants, their current mobile phone usage, and their attitudes toward mobile phone use for prenatal care services. The data were analyzed in SPSS with descriptive and analytical statistics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The majority of participants (84.2%) had a smartphone and access to mobile internet. More than half of the respondents (58.9%) used their mobile phone for (only) phone calls, and 36.7% occasionally used mobile internet to access prenatal care services. To get information about the pregnancy and to communicate with other pregnant women, the participants mainly used social media, and to get reminders, they preferred phone calls.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, pregnant women have a positive attitude towards using mobile phones for obtaining health services and prefer social media to seek prenatal care services. There seems to be a need for pregnant women to have high levels of digital health literacy and be advised by healthcare providers on using this technology to access prenatal care services.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02172-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T12:06:30Z","timestamp":1682510790000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pregnant women\u2019s use and attitude toward Mobile phone features for self-management"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Nabovati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Farzandipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Vahedpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shima","family":"Anvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reihane","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Fatehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2172_CR1","unstructured":"UNCsF: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF). The state of the World\u2019s children 2009: maternal and newborn health. UNICEF; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"2172_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2012.10.003","volume":"23","author":"MC Blehar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blehar MC, Spong C, Grady C, Goldkind SF, Sahin L, Clayton JA. Enrolling pregnant women: issues in clinical research. Women\u2019s Health Issues. 2013;23(1):e39\u2013e45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2012.10.003.","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Issues"},{"key":"2172_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organizatio. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"2172_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fleming SE, Vandermause R, Shaw M. First-time mothers preparing for birthing in an electronic world: internet and mobile phone technology.Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 32(3):240\u201353.doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02646838.2014.886104.","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2014.886104"},{"key":"2172_CR5","unstructured":"Martinez PR. A Qualitative Study on Patient Perceptions Towards mHealth Technology Among High Risk, Chronic Disease Patients 2015."},{"key":"2172_CR6","volume-title":"Barriers and gaps affecting mHealth in low and middle income countries: policy white paper: Columbia university. Earth institute","author":"P Mechael","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mechael P, Batavia H, Kaonga N, Searle S, Kwan A, Goldberger A, et al. Barriers and gaps affecting mHealth in low and middle income countries: policy white paper: Columbia university. Earth institute. Center for global health and economic development (CGHED): with mHealth alliance; 2010."},{"issue":"4","key":"2172_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.4869","volume":"3","author":"JC Willcox","year":"2015","unstructured":"Willcox JC, van der Pligt P, Ball K, Wilkinson SA, Lappas M, McCarthy EA, et al. Views of women and health professionals on mHealth lifestyle interventions in pregnancy: a qualitative investigation. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2015;3(4):e99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/mhealth.4869.","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth and uHealth"},{"issue":"5","key":"2172_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02747.x","volume":"16","author":"AC Noordam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Noordam AC, Kuepper BM, Stekelenburg J, Milen A. Improvement of maternal health services through the use of mobile phones. Tropical Med Int Health. 2011;16(5):622\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02747.x.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"key":"2172_CR9","unstructured":"Lund S, Hemed M. Wired mothers: use of mobile phones to improve maternal and neonatal health in Zanzibar: University of Copenhagen. Danish research network for health (Enreca health); 2010."},{"issue":"5","key":"2172_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-011-0836-3","volume":"16","author":"T Tamrat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tamrat T, Kachnowski S. Special delivery: an analysis of mHealth in maternal and newborn health programs and their outcomes around the world. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16(5):1092\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10995-011-0836-3.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"2172_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lima-Pereira P, Berm\u00fadez\u2010Tamayo C, Jasienska G. Use of the Internet as a source of health information amongst participants of antenatal classes. Journal of clinical nursing. 2012;21(3\u20104):322 \u2013 30. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2011.03910. x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2011.03910"},{"issue":"2","key":"2172_CR12","first-page":"4","volume":"8","author":"D Lorence","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lorence D, Park H. Web-based consumer health information: public access, digital division, and remainders. Medscape Gen Med. 2006;8(2):4.","journal-title":"Medscape Gen Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2172_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2012.07.003","volume":"29","author":"L-l Gao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gao L-l, Larsson M, Luo S-y. Internet use by chinese women seeking pregnancy-related information. Midwifery. 2013;29(7):730\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2012.07.003.","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"5","key":"2172_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-016-4093-y","volume":"294","author":"S Wallwiener","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wallwiener S, M\u00fcller M, Doster A, Laserer W, Reck C, Pauluschke-Fr\u00f6hlich J, et al. Pregnancy eHealth and mHealth: user proportions and characteristics of pregnant women using web-based information sources\u2014a cross-sectional study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;294(5):937\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-016-4093-y.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2172_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1071\/PY13029","volume":"19","author":"D Rodger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodger D, Skuse A, Wilmore M, Humphreys S, Dalton J, Flabouris M, et al. Pregnant womena\u2019s use of information and communications technologies to access pregnancy-related health information in South Australia. Aust J Prim Health. 2013;19(4):308\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/PY13029.","journal-title":"Aust J Prim Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2172_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2016.01.008","volume":"29","author":"D Lupton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lupton D, Pedersen S. An australian survey of women\u2019s use of pregnancy and parenting apps. Women Birth. 2016;29(4):368\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wombi.2016.01.008.","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"2172_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenssen BP, Mitra N, Shah A, Wan F, Grande D. Using digital technology to engage and communicate with patients: a survey of patient attitudes. Journal of general internal medicine. 2016;31(1):85\u201392. doi.10.1007\/s11606-015-3517.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3517-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"2172_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2284","volume":"15","author":"JW McGillicuddy","year":"2013","unstructured":"McGillicuddy JW, Weiland AK, Frenzel RM, Mueller M, Brunner-Jackson BM, Taber DJ, et al. Patient attitudes toward mobile phone-based health monitoring: questionnaire study among kidney transplant recipients. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(1):e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.2284.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2172_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waring ME, Simas TAM, Xiao RS, Lombardini LM, Allison JJ, Rosal MC et al. Pregnant women\u2019s interest in a website or mobile application for healthy gestational weight gain. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare. 2014;5(4):182-4. doi.10.1016\/j.srhc.2014.05.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2014.05.002"},{"key":"2172_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cormick G, Kim NA, Rodgers A, Gibbons L, Buekens PM, Beliz\u00e1n JM et al. Interest of pregnant women in the use of SMS (short message service) text messages for the improvement of perinatal and postnatal care. Reproductive health. 2012;9(1):9. doi.10.1186\/1742-4755-9-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-9-9"},{"key":"2172_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goetz M, M\u00fcller M, Matthies LM, Hansen J, Doster A, Szabo A et al. Perceptions of patient engagement applications during pregnancy: a qualitative assessment of the patient\u2019s perspective. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2017;5(5): e73. doi.10.2196\/mhealth.7040.","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.7040"},{"key":"2172_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamin F, Kaewkungwal J, Singhasivanon P, Lawpoolsri S. Women Perceptions of Using Mobile Phones for Maternal and Child Health Support in Afghanistan: Cross-Sectional Survey. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2016;6(4): e76. doi.10.2196\/mhealth.9504.","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.9504"},{"key":"2172_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Santis M, De Luca C, Quattrocchi T, Visconti D, Cesari E, Mappa I et al. Use of the Internet by women seeking information about potentially teratogenic agents. European Journal of obstetrics & gynecology and reproductive biology. 2010;151(2): 154\u2013157. doi.10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.04.018.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.04.018"},{"issue":"3","key":"2172_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10603.x","volume":"17","author":"JA Diaz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Diaz JA, Griffith RA, Ng JJ, Reinert SE, Friedmann PD, Moulton AW. Patients\u2019 use of the internet for medical information. J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17(3):180\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10603.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2172_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huberty J, Dinkel D, Beets MW, Coleman J. Describing the use of the internet for health, physical activity, and nutrition information in pregnant women. Maternal and child health journal.2013;17(8):1363-72. doi.10.1007\/s10995-012-1160-2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1160-2"},{"key":"2172_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavlak O, Atan \u015e\u00dc, G\u00fcle\u00e7 D, \u00d6zt\u00fcrk R, Atay N. Pregnant women\u2019s use of the internet in relation to their pregnancy in Izmir, Turkey. Informatics for health and social care. 2012;37(4):253 \u2013 63. doi.10.3109\/17538157.2012.710686.","DOI":"10.3109\/17538157.2012.710686"},{"key":"2172_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luyben AG, Fleming VEM. Women\u2019s needs from antenatal care in three European countries. Midwifery. 2005;21(3):212 \u2013 23. doi.10.1016\/j.midw.2004.11.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2004.11.001"},{"key":"2172_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim H, Oh JA. Adherence to diabetes control recommendations: impact of nurse telephone calls. Journal of advanced nursing. 2003;44(3):256 \u2013 61. doi.10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02800.x.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02800.x"},{"key":"2172_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewar A, Scott J, Muir J. Telephone follow-up for day surgery patients: patient perceptions and nurses\u2019 experiences. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing. 2004;19(4):234 \u2013 41. doi.10.1016\/j.jopan.2004.04.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2004.04.004"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2172_CR30","first-page":"339","volume":"56","author":"LN Bakhireva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bakhireva LN, Young BN, Dalen J, Phelan ST, Rayburn WF. Patient utilization of information sources about safety of medications during pregnancy. J Reprod Med. 2011;56(7\u20138):339\u201343.","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2172_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagan BM, Sinclair M, George Kernohan W. Internet use in pregnancy informs women\u2019s decision making: a web-based survey. Birth. 2010;37(2):106 \u2013 15. doi.10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2010.00390. x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2010.00390.x"},{"key":"2172_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsson M. A descriptive study of the use of the Internet by women seeking pregnancy-related information. Midwifery. 2009;25(1):14\u201320. doi.10.1016\/j.midw.2007.01.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2007.01.010"},{"key":"2172_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee Y, Moon M. Utilization and content evaluation of mobile applications for pregnancy, birth, and child care. Healthcare informatics research. 2016;22(2): 73\u201380. doi.10.4258\/hir.2016.22.2.73.","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2016.22.2.73"},{"issue":"10","key":"2172_CR34","first-page":"313","volume":"107","author":"A O\u2019Higgins","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Higgins A, Murphy OC, Egan A, Mullaney L, Sheehan S, Turner M. The use of digital media by women using the maternity services in a developed country. Ir Med J. 2014;107(10):313\u20135.","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"2172_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripp N, Hainey K, Liu A, Poulton A, Peek M, Kim J et al. An emerging model of maternity care: smartphone, midwife, doctor? Women and Birth. 2014;27(1): 64\u201367. doi.10.1016\/j.wombi.2013.11.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2013.11.001"},{"key":"2172_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bert F, Passi S, Scaioli G, Gualano MR, Siliquini R. There comes a baby! What should I do? Smartphones\u2019 pregnancy-related applications: A web-based overview. Health informatics journal. 2016;22(3):608 \u2013 17. doi.10.1177\/1460458215574120","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458215574120"},{"key":"2172_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hearn L, Miller M, Lester L. Reaching perinatal women online: The Healthy You, Healthy Baby website and app. Journal of Obesity. 2014; 2014:573928. doi.10.1155\/2014\/573928","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/573928"},{"key":"2172_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraschnewski JL, Chuang CH, Poole ES, Peyton T, Blubaugh I, Pauli J et al. Paging \u201cDr. Google\u201d: does technology fill the gap created by the prenatal care visit structure? Qualitative focus group study with pregnant women. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2014;16(6): e147.doi.10.2196\/jmir.3385.","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3385"},{"key":"2172_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asiodu IV, Waters CM, Dailey DE, Lee KA, Lyndon A. Breastfeeding and use of social media among first-time African American mothers. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 2015;44(2):268\u2013278. doi.10.1111\/1552-6909.12552.","DOI":"10.1111\/1552-6909.12552"},{"issue":"8","key":"2172_CR40","first-page":"714","volume":"14","author":"M Langarizadeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Langarizadeh M, Behzadian H, Samimi M. Development of personal health record application for gestational diabetes, based on smart phone. The J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac. 2016;14(8):714\u201327. http:\/\/eprints.umsu.ac.ir\/id\/eprint\/3886.","journal-title":"The J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac"},{"issue":"4","key":"2172_CR41","first-page":"57","volume":"5","author":"I Tahamtan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tahamtan I, Sedghi S. The use of personal digital assistants and smartphones to access health information. J Payavard Salamat. 2012;5(4):57\u201365. http:\/\/payavard.tums.ac.ir\/article-1-63-en.html.","journal-title":"J Payavard Salamat"},{"key":"2172_CR42","unstructured":"Mousavi Chalac A, Riahi A. Information Needs of Pregnant Women Referred to Health Centers in Behshahr City during 2016-17. Journal of Community Health Research. 2017;6(3):165 \u2013 74. URL: http:\/\/jhr.ssu.ac.ir\/article-1-375-en.html."},{"key":"2172_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shieh C, Mays R, McDaniel A, Yu J. Health Literacy and Its Association With the Use of Information Sources and With Barriers to Information Seeking in Clinic-Based Pregnant Women. Health Care for Women International. 2009;30(11):971 \u2013 88. doi.10.1080\/07399330903052152.","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330903052152"},{"key":"2172_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayakhot P, Carolan-Olah M. Internet use by pregnant women seeking pregnancy-related information: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2016;16(1):65. doi.10.1186\/s12884-016-0856-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0856-5"},{"key":"2172_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song H, Cramer EM, McRoy S, May A, Information Needs. Seeking Behaviors, and Support Among Low-Income Expectant Women. Women & Health. 2013;53(8):824 \u2013 42. doi.10.1080\/03630242.2013.831019.","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2013.831019"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02172-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02172-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02172-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T12:07:40Z","timestamp":1682510860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02172-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02172-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Kashan University of Medical Sciences Research Council (IR.KAUMS.REC.1396.23) and all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations or Declaration of Helsinki. All participants were invited verbally to take part in the study. For those who agreed to participate, a signed written informed consent form was obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"77"}}