{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:20:09Z","timestamp":1772166009933,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Online questionnaires are commonly used to collect information from participants in epidemiological studies. This requires building questionnaires using machine-readable formats that can be delivered to study participants using web-based technologies such as progressive web applications. However, the paucity of open-source markup standards with support for complex logic make collaborative development of web-based questionnaire modules difficult. This often prevents interoperability and reusability of questionnaire modules across epidemiological studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed an open-source markup language for presentation of questionnaire content and logic, Quest, within a real-time renderer that enables the user to test logic (e.g., skip patterns) and view the structure of data collection. We provide the Quest markup language, an in-browser markup rendering tool, questionnaire development tool and an example web application that embeds the renderer, developed for The Connect for Cancer Prevention Study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A markup language can specify both the content and logic of a questionnaire as plain text. Questionnaire markup, such as Quest, can become a standard format for storing questionnaires or sharing questionnaires across the web. Quest is a step towards generation of FAIR data in epidemiological studies by facilitating reusability of questionnaires and data interoperability using open-source tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-023-02338-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T05:02:18Z","timestamp":1698210138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quest markup for developing FAIR questionnaire modules for epidemiologic studies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Russ","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Gerlanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhaumik","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Berrington de Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neal D.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Cusack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mia M.","family":"Gaudet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Garc\u00eda-Closas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas S.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2338_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq291","volume":"172","author":"MM van Gelder","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Gelder MM, Bretveld RW, Roeleveld N. Web-based questionnaires: the future in epidemiology? Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(11):1292\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwq291. [published Online First: 20100929].","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2338_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160018","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.18","volume":"3","author":"MD Wilkinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilkinson MD, Dumontier M, Aalbersberg IJ, et al. The FAIR Guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Sci Data. 2016;3:160018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sdata.2016.18. [published Online First: 20160315].","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"2338_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grossman RL, Heath A, Murphy M, Patterson M, Wells W. Comput Sci Engg. 2016;18:10\u201320. A Case for Data Commons: Toward Data Science as a Service.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2016.92"},{"key":"2338_CR4","unstructured":"Cone M. The Markdown Guide. https:\/\/www.markdownguide.org\/getting-started\/."},{"key":"2338_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781138359444","volume-title":"The definitive guide","author":"Y Xie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xie Y, Allaire Jj, Grolemund G, Markdown ER. The definitive guide. 1st ed. Milton: Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2018. https:\/\/bookdown.org\/yihui\/rmarkdown\/.","edition":"1"},{"key":"2338_CR6","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Closas M, Ahearn TU, Gaudet MM, et al. Moving towards FAIR practices in epidemiological research. [Manuscript submitted for publication]; 2022."},{"key":"2338_CR7","unstructured":"Episphere. Quest Wiki: https:\/\/github.com\/episphere\/quest\/wiki, 2022."},{"key":"2338_CR8","unstructured":"World Wide Web Consortium. Index Database API 3.0. https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/IndexedDB\/ 2020."},{"key":"2338_CR9","unstructured":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology. Connect for Cancer Prevention Study. Secondary Connect for Cancer Prevention Study 2020. https:\/\/dceg.cancer.gov\/research\/who-we-study\/cohorts\/connect."},{"issue":"4","key":"2338_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ooab109","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooab109","volume":"4","author":"A Khurshid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khurshid A, Oliveira E, Nordquist E, Lakshminarayanan V, Abrol V. FHIRedApp: a LEAP in health information technology for promoting patient access to their medical information. JAMIA Open. 2021;4(4):ooab109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooab109. [published Online First: 20211228].","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"2338_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2014.79","volume":"2014","author":"DE Russ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Russ DE, Ho KY, Johnson CA, Friesen MC. Computer-based coding of Occupation codes for epidemiological analyses. Proc IEEE Int Symp Comput Based Med Syst. 2014;2014:347\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CBMS.2014.79.","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Symp Comput Based Med Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"2338_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103152","volume":"73","author":"DE Russ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Russ DE, Ho KY, Colt JS, et al. Computer-based coding of free-text job descriptions to efficiently identify occupations in epidemiological studies. Occup Environ Med. 2016;73(6):417\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2015-103152. [published Online First: 20160421].","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2338_CR13","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Final NIH Policy for Data Management. 85 Fed. Reg., 68890. (Oct. 10, 2020) https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/d\/2020-23674."}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02338-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02338-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02338-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T18:16:54Z","timestamp":1757096214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02338-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-023-02338-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2439798\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Change history: The surname and given names of Amy Berrington de Gonz\u00e1lez have been correctly tagged in the xml version of the article.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"238"}}