{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:11:34Z","timestamp":1767337894373,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry for Economics, Labor and Tourism from Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany","award":["BW1_1456 (AI4MedCode)","BW1_1456 (AI4MedCode)","BW1_1456 (AI4MedCode)","BW1_1456 (AI4MedCode)","BW1_1456 (AI4MedCode)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BW1_1456 (AI4MedCode)","BW1_1456 (AI4MedCode)","BW1_1456 (AI4MedCode)","BW1_1456 (AI4MedCode)","BW1_1456 (AI4MedCode)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02825-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T07:05:49Z","timestamp":1735369549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The aluminum standard: using generative Artificial Intelligence tools to synthesize and annotate non-structured patient data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9893-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan G.","family":"Diaz Ochoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1004-7545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faizan E.","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Weil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6086-807X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0175-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kudret","family":"Kama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9147-3203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Knott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2825_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"The AI writing on the wall. Nat Mach Intell. 2023;5(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42256-023-00613-9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00613-9"},{"key":"2825_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Workshop B, BLOOM, et al. A 176B-parameter open-access multilingual language model. arXiv. 2023;27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2211.05100.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2211.05100"},{"key":"2825_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang S, et al. OPT: open pre-trained transformer language models. arXiv. 2022;21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2205.01068.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2205.01068"},{"key":"2825_CR4","unstructured":"Stiennon N et al. Learning to summarize with human feedback, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Curran Associates, Inc., 2020:3008\u20133021. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/proceedings.neurips.cc\/paper\/2020\/hash\/1f89885d556929e98d3ef9b86448f951-Abstract.html. Accessed 15 Jun 2023."},{"key":"2825_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Y, Li Z, Zhang K, Dan R, Zhang Y. ChatDoctor: a medical chat model fine-tuned on LLaMA model using medical domain knowledge. arXiv. 2023;01. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2303.14070.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2303.14070"},{"issue":"4","key":"2825_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00048-1","volume":"5","author":"SR Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali SR, Dobbs TD, Hutchings HA, Whitaker IS. Using ChatGPT to write patient clinic letters. Lancet Digit Health. 2023;5(4):e179-81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00048-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health."},{"key":"2825_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y Lu, M Shen, H Wang, W Wei. Machine learning for synthetic data generation: a review. arXiv. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2302.04062.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2302.04062"},{"issue":"1","key":"2825_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01395-z","volume":"21","author":"L Campillos-Llanos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campillos-Llanos L, Valverde-Mateos A, Capllonch-Carri\u00f3n A, Moreno-Sandoval A. A clinical trials corpus annotated with UMLS entities to enhance the access to evidence-based medicine. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2021;21(1):69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-021-01395-z.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak."},{"issue":"1","key":"2825_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.35","volume":"3","author":"AEW Johnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnson AEW, et al. MIMIC-III, a freely accessible critical care database. Sci Data. 2016;3(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sdata.2016.35.","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"1","key":"2825_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-106","volume":"14","author":"R Blagus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blagus R, Lusa L. SMOTE for high-dimensional class-imbalanced data. BMC Bioinformatics. 2013;14(1):106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-14-106.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics."},{"issue":"4","key":"2825_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz682","volume":"36","author":"J Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee J, et al. BioBERT: a pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text mining. Bioinformatics. 2020;36(4):1234\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz682.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"2825_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scheible R, Thomczyk F, Tippmann P, Jaravine V, Boeker M. GottBERT: a pure German language model. arXiv. 2020;03. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2012.02110.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2012.02110"},{"key":"2825_CR13","volume-title":"Atlas of AI: power, politics, and the Planetary costs of Artificial Intelligence","author":"K Crawford","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crawford K. Atlas of AI: power, politics, and the planetary costs of artificial intelligence. New Haven London: Yale University Press; 2022."},{"key":"2825_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goldstein JA, Sastry G, Musser M, DiResta R, Gentzel M, Sedova K. Generative language models and automated influence operations: Emerging threats and potential mitigations. 2023;arXiv:arXiv:2301.04246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2301.04246.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2301.04246"},{"key":"2825_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vaswani A, et al. Attention is all you need. arXiv. 2017;05. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1706.03762.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1706.03762"},{"issue":"1","key":"2825_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/1357-6283.112796","volume":"26","author":"J Kathiresan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kathiresan J, Patro BK. Case vignette: a promising complement to clinical case presentations in teaching. Educ Health Abingdon Engl. 2013;26(1):21\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1357-6283.112796.","journal-title":"Educ Health Abingdon Engl"},{"key":"2825_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108974851","author":"A Nini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nini A. A theory of linguistic individuality for authorship analysis. Elem Forensic Linguist. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781108974851.","journal-title":"Elem Forensic Linguist."},{"key":"2825_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramshaw LA, Marcus MP. Text chunking using transformation-based learning. arXiv. 1995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.cmp-lg\/9505040.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.cmp-lg\/9505040"},{"key":"2825_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang M-W, Lee K, Toutanova K. BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1810.04805.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1810.04805"},{"issue":"4","key":"2825_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ooac087","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooac087","volume":"5","author":"Lentzen M Dec","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dec Lentzen M, et al. Critical assessment of transformer-based AI models for German clinical notes. JAMIA Open. 2022;5(4):ooac087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooac087.","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"2825_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wolf T et al. Transformers: state-of-the-art natural language processing, in proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations, Online: Association for Computational Linguistics. 2020:38\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.6.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.6"},{"key":"2825_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Immel KA. Verst\u00e4ndlichkeit messen? In: Immel KA, editor. Regionalnachrichten Im H\u00f6rfunk: Verst\u00e4ndlich Schreiben f\u00fcr Radioh\u00f6rer. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien; 2014:17\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-658-04893-8_5.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-04893-8_5"},{"key":"2825_CR23","volume-title":"Wissenstransfer \u2013 Erfolgskontrolle und R\u00fcckmeldungen Aus Der Praxis","author":"S Wichter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wichter S, Busch A. Wissenstransfer \u2013 Erfolgskontrolle und R\u00fcckmeldungen Aus Der Praxis. 1st ed. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften; 2006.","edition":"1"},{"key":"2825_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mustafa FE. DEExtract: a customizable context-based german vocabulary learning tool, in 2023 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT). 2023:65\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/3ICT60104.2023.10391702.","DOI":"10.1109\/3ICT60104.2023.10391702"},{"key":"2825_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinchor N, Sundheim B. MUC-5 evaluation metrics, in Fifth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-5): Proceedings of a Conference Held in Baltimore, Maryland, August 25\u201327, 1993, 1993. Available: https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/M93-1007. Accessed 20 Jul 2023.","DOI":"10.3115\/1072017.1072026"},{"key":"2825_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beltagy I, Lo K, Cohan A. SciBERT: a pretrained language model for scientific text. arXiv. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1903.10676.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1903.10676"},{"key":"2825_CR27","unstructured":"Y Wang, C Dima, S Staab. [Novel] WikiMed-DE: constructing a silver-standard dataset for German biomedical entity linking using Wikipedia and Wikidata, presented at the The 4th Wikidata Workshop. 2023. Available: https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=5dQ7YDSYya. Accessed 23 Feb 2024."},{"key":"2825_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zefq.2023.03.011","volume":"179","author":"T Schmitt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schmitt T, Cosgrove S, Paji\u0107 V, Papadopoulos K, Gille F. What does it take to create a European Health Data Space? International commitments and national realities. Z F\u00fcr Evidenz Fortbild Qual Im Gesundheitswesen. 2023;179:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.zefq.2023.03.011.","journal-title":"Z F\u00fcr Evidenz Fortbild Qual Im Gesundheitswesen"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-024-02825-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-024-02825-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-024-02825-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T08:03:12Z","timestamp":1735372992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-024-02825-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-024-02825-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-6947"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by Ethics Committee at the Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg State Medical Association (Ethik-Kommission bei der Landes\u00e4rztekammer Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg), with approval number F-2023-125. The study was performed in compliance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki on Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, and research regulations of the country. The informed consent requirement is waived due to the state regulations of the Landeskrankenhausgesetz Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg (LKHG), owing to the retrospective, aggregated and anonymized nature of this study and of the database.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Felix Weil, Faizan E Mustafa & Juan G. Diaz Ochoa are employed at QuiBiQ GmbH.All other authors have no competing interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"409"}}