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The disabling consequences of PBH underline the need for the development of a decision support system (DSS) that can warn individuals about upcoming PBH events, thus enabling preventive actions to avoid impending episodes. In view of this, we developed various algorithms based on linear and deep learning models to forecast PBH episodes in the short-term.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We leveraged a dataset obtained from 50 patients with PBH after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, monitored for up to 50 days under unrestricted real-life conditions. Algorithms\u2019 performance was assessed by measuring Precision, Recall, F1-score, False-alarms-per-day and Time Gain (TG).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The run-to-run forecasting algorithm based on recursive autoregressive model (rAR) outperformed the other techniques, achieving Precision of 64.38%, Recall of 84.43%, F1-score of 73.06%, a median TG of 10 min and 1 false alarm every 6 days. More complex deep learning models demonstrated similar median TG but inferior forecasting capabilities with F1-score ranging from 54.88% to 64.10%.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Real-time forecasting of PBH events using CGM data as a single input imposes high demands on various types of prediction algorithms, with CGM data noise and rapid postprandial glucose dynamics representing the key challenges. In this study, the run-to-run rAR yielded most satisfactory results with accurate PBH event predictive capacity and few false alarms, thereby indicating potential for the development of DSS for people with PBH.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-02856-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T12:53:54Z","timestamp":1737377634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Towards a decision support system for post bariatric hypoglycaemia: development of forecasting algorithms in unrestricted daily-life conditions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Prendin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Streicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Cappon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Rolfes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Herzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Bally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Facchinetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2856_CR1","volume-title":"Bariatric Surgery in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes","author":"AH Affinati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Affinati AH, Esfandiari NH, Oral EA, Kraftson AT. 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Participants provided written informed consent prior to study-related procedures.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"33"}}