{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:42:17Z","timestamp":1770756137314,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangzhou Municipal Health Commission Project","award":["2023C-TS17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C-TS17"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Bureau Project","award":["2025A03J4485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A03J4485"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82373678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82373678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-03067-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T12:11:10Z","timestamp":1752840670000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Machine learning and discriminant analysis model for predicting benign and malignant pulmonary nodules"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongming","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuepeng","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuman","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoting","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiachun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"3067_CR1","first-page":"793","volume":"19","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Fan Y, Wang Y, et al. China National guideline of classification, diagnosis and treatment for lung nodules (2016 Version) [J]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2016;19(12):793\u20138.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"3067_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e31827657c8","volume":"28","author":"JP Kanne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kanne JP, Jensen LE, Mohammed T-LH, et al. ACR appropriateness Criteria\u00ae radiographically detected solitary pulmonary nodule [J]. J Thorac Imaging. 2013;28(1):W1\u20133.","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"3067_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.02.650","volume":"150","author":"C Bai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bai C, Choi C-M, Chu CM, et al. Evaluation of pulmonary nodules: clinical practice consensus guidelines for Asia [J]. Chest. 2016;150(4):877\u201393.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"3067_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-20-460","volume":"9","author":"Q Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei Q, Fang W, Chen X, et al. Establishment and validation of a mathematical diagnosis model to distinguish benign pulmonary nodules from early non-small cell lung cancer in Chinese people [J]. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2020;9(5):1843\u201352.","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"3067_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2023.05.07","volume":"35","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Z, Lu L, Deng Y, et al. Genetic susceptibility loci of lung cancer are associated with malignant risk of pulmonary nodules and improve malignancy diagnosis based on CEA levels [J]. Chin J Cancer Res. 2023;35(5):501\u201310.","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3067_CR6","first-page":"316","volume":"3","author":"YT Sim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sim YT, Poon FW. Imaging of solitary pulmonary nodule-a clinical review [J]. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2013;3(6):316\u201326.","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"key":"3067_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leef JL, Klein JS. The solitary pulmonary nodule [J]. Radiol Clin North Am. 2002;40(1).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(03)00113-1"},{"key":"3067_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callister MEJ, Baldwin DR, Akram AR et al. British thoracic society guidelines for the investigation and management of pulmonary nodules [J]. Thorax. 2015;70 Suppl 2.","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207168"},{"issue":"1","key":"3067_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13120949","volume":"268","author":"SM Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee SM, Park CM, Goo JM, et al. Invasive pulmonary adenocarcinomas versus preinvasive lesions appearing as ground-glass nodules: differentiation by using CT features [J]. Radiology. 2013;268(1):265\u201373.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3067_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000117","volume":"9","author":"M Tamura","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tamura M, Shimizu Y, Yamamoto T, et al. Predictive value of one-dimensional mean computed tomography value of ground-glass opacity on high-resolution images for the possibility of future change [J]. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9(4):469\u201372.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3067_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2501","volume":"143","author":"B Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang B, Hwang JH, Choi Y-H, et al. Natural history of pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules detected by low-dose CT scan [J]. Chest. 2013;143(1):172\u20138.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"3067_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-1261","volume":"131","author":"MK Gould","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gould MK, Ananth L, Barnett PG. A clinical model to estimate the pretest probability of lung cancer in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules [J]. Chest. 2007;131(2):383\u20138.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"3067_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e647","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00125-5","volume":"5","author":"J He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He J, Wang B, Tao J, et al. Accurate classification of pulmonary nodules by a combined model of clinical, imaging, and cell-free DNA methylation biomarkers: a model development and external validation study [J]. Lancet Digit Health. 2023;5(10):e647\u201356.","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"3067_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102873","volume":"365","author":"DR Aberle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening [J]. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(5):395\u2013409.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3067_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1921221","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.21221","volume":"3","author":"S Gonz\u00e1lez Maldonado","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez Maldonado S, Delorme S, H\u00fcsing A, et al. Evaluation of prediction models for identifying malignancy in pulmonary nodules detected via Low-Dose computed tomography [J]. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2):e1921221.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"3067_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70389-4","volume":"15","author":"N Horeweg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Horeweg N, van Rosmalen J, Heuvelmans MA, et al. Lung cancer probability in patients with CT-detected pulmonary nodules: a prespecified analysis of data from the NELSON trial of low-dose CT screening [J]. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(12):1332\u201341.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"23","key":"3067_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0906085","volume":"361","author":"RJ van Klaveren","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Klaveren RJ, Oudkerk M, Prokop M, et al. Management of lung nodules detected by volume CT scanning [J]. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(23):2221\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3067_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2015.03.018","volume":"89","author":"A Al-Ameri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Ameri A, Malhotra P, Thygesen H, et al. Risk of malignancy in pulmonary nodules: A validation study of four prediction models [J]. Lung Cancer. 2015;89(1):27\u201330.","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"3067_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0307-RA","volume":"141","author":"EY Chan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chan EY, Gaur P, Ge Y, et al. Management of the solitary pulmonary nodule [J]. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2017;141(7):927\u201331.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3067_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201505-0990OC","volume":"192","author":"MK Gould","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gould MK, Tang T, Liu I-LA, et al. Recent trends in the identification of incidental pulmonary nodules [J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(10):1208\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3067_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13061","volume":"10","author":"X-X Peng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peng X-X, Yan L-X, Liu C, et al. Benign disease prone to be misdiagnosed as malignant pulmonary nodules: minute meningothelioid nodules [J]. Thorac Cancer. 2019;10(5):1182\u20137.","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"3067_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214726","volume":"369","author":"A McWilliams","year":"2013","unstructured":"McWilliams A, Tammemagi MC, Mayo JR, et al. Probability of cancer in pulmonary nodules detected on first screening CT [J]. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(10):910\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3067_CR23","first-page":"450","volume":"43","author":"Y Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li Y, Chen K-z, Sui X-z, et al. Establishment of a mathematical prediction model to evaluate the probability of malignancy or benign in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules [J]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2011;43(3):450\u20134.","journal-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"3067_CR24","unstructured":"Gould MK, Donington J, Lynch WR et al. Evaluation of individuals with pulmonary nodules: When is it lung cancer? Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines [J]. Chest. 2013;143(5 Suppl)."},{"issue":"8","key":"3067_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-4007","volume":"27","author":"K Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen K, Nie Y, Park S, et al. Development and validation of machine Learning-based model for the prediction of malignancy in multiple pulmonary nodules: analysis from multicentric cohorts [J]. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(8):2255\u201365.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3067_CR26","first-page":"209","volume":"9","author":"HE Solberg","year":"1978","unstructured":"Solberg HE. Discriminant analysis [J]. CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1978;9(3):209\u201342.","journal-title":"CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3067_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L. Random forests [J]. Mach Learn. 2001;45(1):5\u201332.","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"3067_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman JH. Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine [J]. The Annals of Statistics. 2001;29(5):1189\u2013\u2009232, 44.","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451"},{"key":"3067_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T, Guestrin C, XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining; San Francisco, California, USA: Association for Computing Machinery; 2016. pp. 785\u201394.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"3067_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102080","volume":"62","author":"H Zou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zou H, Lu Z, Weng W, et al. Diagnosis of neurosyphilis in HIV-negative patients with syphilis: development, validation, and clinical utility of a suite of machine learning models [J]. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;62:102080.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"3067_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059999","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1059999","volume":"12","author":"F Rong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rong F, Shi R, Hu L, et al. Low-dose computed tomography for lung cancer screening in anhui, china: A randomized controlled trial [J]. Front Oncol. 2022;12:1059999.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"3067_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahidi MM, Govert JA, Goudar RK et al. Evidence for the treatment of patients with pulmonary nodules: When is it lung cancer? ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition) [J]. Chest. 2007;132(3 Suppl).","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1352"},{"issue":"1","key":"3067_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2007.8.1.22","volume":"8","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Goo JM, Lee CH, et al. Nodular ground-glass opacities on thin-section CT: size change during follow-up and pathological results [J]. Korean J Radiol. 2007;8(1):22\u201331.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3067_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.5.1781053","volume":"178","author":"CI Henschke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Mirtcheva R, et al. CT screening for lung cancer: frequency and significance of part-solid and nonsolid nodules [J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178(5):1053\u20137.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3067_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.12.030","volume":"14","author":"T Ye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ye T, Deng L, Wang S, et al. Lung adenocarcinomas manifesting as radiological Part-Solid nodules define a special clinical subtype [J]. J Thorac Oncol. 2019;14(4):617\u201327.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3067_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-21-145","volume":"12","author":"W-J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li W-J, Lv F-J, Tan Y-W, et al. Benign and malignant pulmonary part-solid nodules: differentiation via thin-section computed tomography [J]. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2022;12(1):699\u2013710.","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"3067_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.oa.19-00315","volume":"26","author":"F Shoji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shoji F, Kozuma Y, Toyokawa G, et al. Complete blood cell Count-Derived inflammatory biomarkers in Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell lung Cancer [J]. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;26(5):248\u201355.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"3067_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.105","volume":"12","author":"SM Crusz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crusz SM, Balkwill FR. Inflammation and cancer: advances and new agents [J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015;12(10):584\u201396.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3067_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237947","volume":"15","author":"JL Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen JL, Wu JN, Lv XD, et al. The value of red blood cell distribution width, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and hemoglobin-to-red blood cell distribution width ratio in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer [J]. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(8):e0237947.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"3067_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pkz102","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkz102","volume":"4","author":"JYYBB Wong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wong JYYBB, Loftfield E, Hu W, Freedman ND, Ji BT, Elliott P, Silverman DT, Chanock SJ, Rothman N, Lan Q. White blood cell count and risk of incident lung Cancer in the UK biobank [J]. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2019;4(2):pkz102.","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr"},{"issue":"43","key":"3067_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75381","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18856","volume":"8","author":"J-H Zhong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhong J-H, Huang D-H, Chen Z-Y. Prognostic role of systemic immune-inflammation index in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Oncotarget. 2017;8(43):75381\u20138.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"3067_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16955-5","volume":"7","author":"RD Dolan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dolan RD, Lim J, McSorley ST, et al. The role of the systemic inflammatory response in predicting outcomes in patients with operable cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16717.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3067_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.12454","volume":"8","author":"C Yuan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yuan C, Li N, Mao X, et al. Elevated pretreatment neutrophil\/white blood cell ratio and monocyte\/lymphocyte ratio predict poor survival in patients with curatively resected non-small cell lung cancer: results from a large cohort [J]. Thorac Cancer. 2017;8(4):350\u20138.","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"3067_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13788","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013788","volume":"98","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Chen B, Wang L, et al. Systemic immune-inflammation index is a promising noninvasive marker to predict survival of lung cancer: A meta-analysis [J]. Med (Baltim). 2019;98(3):e13788.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 7","key":"3067_CR45","first-page":"2","volume":"25","author":"H Ludwig","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ludwig H, Fritz E. Anemia in cancer patients [J]. Semin Oncol. 1998;25(3 Suppl 7):2\u20136.","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3067_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1997.472694.x","volume":"97","author":"A Dowlati","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dowlati A, R\u2019Zik S, Fillet G, et al. Anaemia of lung cancer is due to impaired erythroid marrow response to erythropoietin stimulation as well as relative inadequacy of erythropoietin production [J]. Br J Haematol. 1997;97(2):297\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3067_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2012.2205677","volume":"43","author":"X Hong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hong X, Chen S, Harris CJ. Elastic-Net prefiltering for Two-Class classification [J]. IEEE Trans Cybern. 2013;43(1):286\u201395.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Cybern"},{"key":"3067_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.08.018","volume":"11","author":"S Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma S, Wang W, Xia B, et al. Multiplexed serum biomarkers for the detection of lung Cancer [J]. EBioMedicine. 2016;11:210\u20138.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-025-03067-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-025-03067-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-025-03067-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T15:46:20Z","timestamp":1757259980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmedinformdecismak.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12911-025-03067-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-025-03067-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The data required for the study was collected through the electronic medical record system with the informed consent of the participants, and the necessary protection of patient privacy was carried out. Meanwhile, this study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approbated by the institutional review boards of of Guangzhou Medical University (No reference number).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"272"}}