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To overcome this, leveraging existing machine learning models and datasets is essential, and since most pre-trained resources are in English, adopting multilingual approaches can help transferring between languages. In this work, we investigate the usage of a multi-lingual transformer model in a multi-lingual and cross-lingual setting to extract drug names from medical texts using named entity recognition in four European languages: German, English, French, and Spanish. We report the scores obtained by cross-lingual transfer with several published datasets after fine-tuning a multi-lingual model, aiming to create empirical evidence on how the transfer of \u201cmedical\u201d knowledge between languages can be expected to benefit various language pairs. We further perform a qualitative error analysis and find that the performance on all languages achieves competitive levels. Conversely, erroneous prediction artifacts are introduced by annotation inconsistencies, differences in annotation guidelines and vague entity labels in general.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-03179-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T09:45:45Z","timestamp":1759398345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cross- &amp; multi-lingual medication detection: a transformer-based analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Raithel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Frei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Roller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Zweigenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3179_CR1","unstructured":"Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, Uszkoreit J, Jones L, Gomez AN, et al. 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