{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:52:01Z","timestamp":1775267521851,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-026-03393-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:39:03Z","timestamp":1772206743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A tale of two apps: preliminary usability testing of smoking cessation mobile applications among individuals with low socioeconomic status who smoke cigarettes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Wakeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Zuckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Baskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Gruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Leahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Kendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sherine","family":"El-Toukhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3393_CR1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Smoking cessation: a report of the surgeon general. US department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2020."},{"issue":"12","key":"3393_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006414","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006414","volume":"22","author":"L Twyman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Twyman L, Bonevski B, Paul C, Bryant J. Perceived barriers to smoking cessation in selected vulnerable groups: a systematic review of the qualitative and quantitative literature. BMJ Open. 2014;4(12):e006414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006414.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Dec"},{"key":"3393_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cornelius ME, Loretan CG, Jamal A, et al. Tobacco product use among adults\u2013United States, 2021. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2023;72:475\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7218a1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7218a1"},{"key":"3393_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd20.220214","volume":"2","author":"LM Grimes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grimes LM, Garg R, Weng O, Wolff JM, McQueen A, Carpenter KM, et al. Appeal of tobacco quitline services among low-income smokers. Prev Chronic Dis. 2023;20:E11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5888\/pcd20.220214.","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis Mar"},{"key":"3393_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boland VC, Mattick RP, McRobbie H, Siahpush M, Courtney RJ. I\u2019m not strong enough; I\u2019m not good enough. I can\u2019t do this, I\u2019m failing: a qualitative study of low-socioeconomic status smokers\u2019 experiences with accessing cessation support and the role for alternative technology-based support. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16(1):196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-017-0689-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0689-5"},{"issue":"8","key":"3393_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39208","DOI":"10.2196\/39208","volume":"18","author":"JB Bricker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bricker JB, Mull KE, Santiago-Torres M, Miao Z, Perski O, Di C. Smoking cessation smartphone app use over time: predicting 12-month cessation outcomes in a 2-arm randomized trial. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(8):e39208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/39208.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res Aug"},{"issue":"10","key":"3393_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006611","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006611.pub5","volume":"22","author":"R Whittaker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Whittaker R, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Rodgers A, Gu Y, Dobson R. Mobile phone text messaging and app-based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;10(10):CD006611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006611.pub5.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev Oct"},{"key":"3393_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harrison R, Flood D, Duce D. Usability of mobile applications: literature review and rationale for a new usability model. J Interact Sci. 2013;1(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2194-0827-1-1.","DOI":"10.1186\/2194-0827-1-1"},{"key":"3393_CR9","volume-title":"Ergonomics of human-system interaction. Part 11: usability: definitions and concepts","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2018","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. Ergonomics of human-system interaction. Part 11: usability: definitions and concepts. Switzerland: Geneva; 2018."},{"key":"3393_CR10","unstructured":"Shitkova M, Holler J, Heide T, Clever N, Becker J. Towards usability guidelines for mobile websites and applications (2015). Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2015. 107. http:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/wi2015\/107."},{"key":"3393_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-022-00903-w","volume":"22","author":"Z Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Z, Benyoucef M. A systematic literature review of mobile application usability: addressing the design perspective. Univ Access Inf Soc. 2023;22(3):715\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10209-022-00903-w.","journal-title":"Univ Access Inf Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3393_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/mti7030026","volume":"7","author":"E Nasr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nasr E, Alsaggaf W, Sinnari D. Developing usability guidelines for mHealth applications (UGmHA). Multimodal Technol Interact. 2023;7(3):26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mti7030026","journal-title":"Multimodal Technol Interact"},{"issue":"4","key":"3393_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.2001.0503","volume":"55","author":"M Maguire","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maguire M. Methods to support human-centred design. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2001;55(4):587\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/ijhc.2001.0503.","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"3393_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2016.1256454","volume":"22","author":"J Armin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Armin J, Johnson T, Hingle M, Giacobbi P Jr., Gordon JS. Development of a multi-behavioral mHealth app for women smokers. J Health Commun Feb. 2017;22(2):153\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10810730.2016.1256454.","journal-title":"J Health Commun Feb"},{"issue":"1","key":"3393_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.2196\/humanfactors.5933","volume":"3","author":"JC Ferron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferron JC, Brunette MF, Geiger P, Marsch LA, Adachi-Mejia AM, Bartels SJ. Mobile phone apps for smoking cessation: quality and usability among smokers with psychosis. JMIR Hum Factors. 2017;4(1):e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/humanfactors.5933.","journal-title":"JMIR Hum Factors Mar"},{"key":"3393_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.03.018","volume":"126","author":"I Maramba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maramba I, Chatterjee A, Newman C. Methods of usability testing in the development of eHealth applications: a scoping review. Int J Med Inform Jun. 2019;126:95\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.03.018.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform Jun"},{"issue":"8","key":"3393_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24112","DOI":"10.2196\/24112","volume":"4","author":"ME Derksen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Derksen ME, Jaspers MW, van Strijp S, Fransen MP. Mobile health for smoking cessation among disadvantaged young women during and after pregnancy: user-centered design and usability study. JMIR Form Res. Aug 2021;5(8):e24112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/24112.","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res Aug"},{"issue":"7","key":"3393_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26873","DOI":"10.2196\/26873","volume":"7","author":"MA Gowarty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gowarty MA, Longacre MR, Vilardaga R, Kung NJ, Gaughan-Maher AE, Brunette MF. Usability and acceptability of two smartphone apps for smoking cessation among young adults with serious mental illness: mixed methods study. JMIR Ment Health. 2021;8(7):e26873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/26873.","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health Jul"},{"issue":"6","key":"3393_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/iby097","volume":"25","author":"R Vilardaga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vilardaga R, Rizo J, Ries RK, Kientz JA, Ziedonis DM, Hernandez K, et al. Formative, multimethod case studies of Learn to Quit, an acceptance and commitment therapy smoking cessation app designed for people with serious mental illness. Transl Behav Med. Nov 2019;9(6):1076\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tbm\/iby097.","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med Nov"},{"key":"3393_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105124","volume":"177","author":"M Estrelam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Estrelam M, Semedo G, Roque F, Ferreira PL, Herdeiro MT. Sociodemographic determinants of digital health literacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Med Informatics. 2023;177:105124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.105124.","journal-title":"Int J Med Informatics"},{"key":"3393_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarkar U, Gourley GI, Lyles CR, Tieu L, Clarity C, Newmark L, Singh K, Bates DW. Usability of commercially available mobile applications for diverse patients. J Gen Intern Med. Dec 2016;31(12):1417\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-016-3771-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3771-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"3393_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.11.016","volume":"36","author":"S Michie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Michie S, Hyder N, Walia A, West R. Development of a taxonomy of behaviour change techniques used in individual behavioural support for smoking cessation. Addict Behav Apr. 2011;36(4):315\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.11.016.","journal-title":"Addict Behav Apr"},{"issue":"11","key":"3393_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000658","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000658","volume":"3","author":"L Tesfaye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tesfaye L, Wakeman M, Baskin G, et al. A feature-based qualitative assessment of smoking cessation mobile applications. PLOS Digit Health Nov. 2024;3(11):e0000658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000658.","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health Nov"},{"key":"3393_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59515","DOI":"10.2196\/59515","volume":"9","author":"M Wakeman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wakeman M, Tesfaye L, Baskin G, et al. Perceptions toward an attentional bias modification mobile game among individuals with low socioeconomic status who smoke: qualitative study. JMIR Serious Games. 2025;13:e59515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/59515.","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games May"},{"key":"3393_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002354","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002354","volume":"3","author":"L Tesfaye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tesfaye L, Wakeman M, Baskin G, et al. Acceptability of a carbon monoxide monitoring feature of a smoking cessation mobile application: A focus group study. BMJ Public Health. 2025;3:e002354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002354.","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"key":"3393_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76804","DOI":"10.2196\/76804","volume":"12","author":"M Wakeman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wakeman M, Tesfaye L, Gregory T, et al. Perceptions of user-generated content as a source of health messages in smoking cessation mobile interventions: focus group study. JMIR Hum Factors. 2025;12:e76804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/76804.","journal-title":"JMIR Hum Factors"},{"key":"3393_CR27","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Accessed July 8. 2025. https:\/\/smokefree.gov\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"3393_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9253-x","volume":"41","author":"LM Collins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collins LM, Baker TB, Mermelstein RJ, et al. The multiphase optimization strategy for engineering effective tobacco use interventions. Ann Behav Med. 2010;41(2):208\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-010-9253-x.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"7455","key":"3393_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE","volume":"328","author":"R Doll","year":"2004","unstructured":"Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years\u2019 observations on male British Doctors. BMJ. 2004;328(7455):1519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"3393_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.4949","volume":"7","author":"B Thomson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomson B, Emberson J, Lacey B, Lewington S, Peto R, Islami F. Association of smoking initiation and cessation across the life course and cancer mortality: prospective study of 410 000 US adults. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(12):1901\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.4949.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3393_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2231480","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.31480","volume":"5","author":"B Thomson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thomson B, Emberson J, Lacey B, et al. Association between smoking, smoking cessation, and mortality by race, ethnicity, and sex among US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(10):e2231480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.31480.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"3393_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023531","volume":"60","author":"B Galobardes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galobardes B, Shaw M, Lawlor DA, Lynch JW, Davey Smith G. Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1). J Epidemiol Community Health Jan. 2006;60(1):7\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2004.023531.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health Jan"},{"issue":"9","key":"3393_CR33","first-page":"1013","volume":"99","author":"VL Shavers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shavers VL. Measurement of socioeconomic status in health disparities research. J Natl Med Assoc Sep. 2007;99(9):1013\u201323.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc Sep"},{"issue":"2","key":"3393_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.21.2.60","volume":"21","author":"NE Adler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Adler NE, Newman K. Socioeconomic disparities in health: pathways and policies. Health Aff. 2002;21(2):60\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.21.2.60.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"3","key":"3393_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.3.215","volume":"87","author":"KA Ericsson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ericsson KA, Simon, Herbert A. Verbal reports as data. Psychol Rev. 1980;87(3):215\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.87.3.215.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3393_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1065","volume":"41","author":"J Nielsen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nielsen J. Estimating the number of subjects needed for a thinking aloud test. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 1994;41(3):385\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1065.","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"3393_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/41410412","volume":"36","author":"V Venkatesh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Venkatesh V, Thong JYL, Xu. Xin. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Q. 2012;36(1):157\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/41410412.","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"issue":"8","key":"3393_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37290","DOI":"10.2196\/37290","volume":"18","author":"M Hyzy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hyzy M, Bond R, Mulvenna M, Bai L, Dix A, Leigh S, et al. System usability scale benchmarking for digital health apps: meta-analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2022;10(8):e37290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/37290.","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth Aug"},{"key":"3393_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.2.08","volume":"06","author":"H Hoehle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoehle H, Viswanath V. Mobile application usability: conceptualization and instrument development. MIS Quarterly. 2015;39:435\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/MISQ\/2015\/39.2.08.","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"3393_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.3422","volume":"11","author":"SR Stoyanov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stoyanov SR, Hides L, Kavanagh DJ, Zelenko O, Tjondronegoro D, Mani M. Mobile app rating scale: a new tool for assessing the quality of health mobile apps. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2015;3(1):e27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/mhealth.3422.","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth Mar"},{"key":"3393_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V, Thematic. analysis. APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological. American Psychological Association; 2012:57\u201371.","DOI":"10.1037\/13620-004"},{"key":"3393_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205520762513239","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251323998","volume":"11","author":"L Tesfaye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tesfaye L, Wakeman M, Gregory T, et al. Acceptability of a smart lighter for tracking cigarette smoking: A focus group study. Digit Health Jan-Dec. 2025;11:20552076251323998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076251323998.","journal-title":"Digit Health Jan-Dec"},{"key":"3393_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58221","DOI":"10.2196\/58221","volume":"11","author":"M Wakeman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wakeman M, Tesfaye L, Gregory T, Leahy E, Kendrick B, El-Toukhy S. Perceptions of the use of mobile technologies for smoking cessation: focus group study with individuals of low socioeconomic status who smoke. JMIR Form Res. 2024;8:e58221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/58221.","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res Oct"},{"issue":"4","key":"3393_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35120","DOI":"10.2196\/35120","volume":"24","author":"S Amagai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amagai S, Pila S, Kaat AJ, Nowinski CJ, Gershon RC. Challenges in participant engagement and retention using mobile health apps: literature review. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(4):e35120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/35120.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"3393_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/day062","volume":"34","author":"C Stormacq","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stormacq C, Van den Broucke S, Wosinski J. Does health literacy mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status and health disparities? Integrative review. Health Promot Int. 2018;34(5):e1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapro\/day062.","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"3393_CR46","unstructured":"Krasovskaya D. Usability Testing \u2013 The Complete Guide. UXtweak. May 1, 2024, 2024. Accessed May 1, 2024, 2024. https:\/\/www.uxtweak.com\/usability-testing\/"},{"key":"3393_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duh HB, Tan GC, Chen VH. Usability evaluation for mobile device: a comparison of laboratory and field tests. In: Proceedings of the 8th conference on human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services. 2006;181\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1152215.1152254.","DOI":"10.1145\/1152215.1152254"},{"issue":"5","key":"3393_CR48","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"P Marc","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marc P. Digital natives, digital immigrants. Horizon. 2001;9(5):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Horizon"},{"key":"3393_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.06.012","volume":"52","author":"A Sonderegger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sonderegger A, Schmutz S, Sauer J. The influence of age in usability testing. Appl Ergon Jan. 2016;52:291\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.06.012.","journal-title":"Appl Ergon Jan"}],"container-title":["BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12911-026-03393-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-026-03393-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12911-026-03393-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:02:01Z","timestamp":1775264521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12911-026-03393-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-026-03393-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6947"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6947","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was deemed exempt by the National Institutes of Health Institutional Review Board on 10\/11\/2019 under Category 2: Research that only includes interactions involving educational tests, survey procedures, interview procedures, or observation of public behavior (\u00a7\u00a045 CFR 46.10(d)(2)); and Category 3: Research involving benign behavioral interventions (\u00a7\u00a045 CFR 46.10(d)(3)). The study was deemed exempt by ICF\u2019s Institutional Review Board on 11\/19\/2019 under Category 2. An amendment was approved by ICF\u2019s Institutional Review Boad on 2\/26\/2020. All participants verbally provided an informed consent to participate in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This research was supported [in part] by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The contributions of the NIH author(s) are considered Works of the United States Government. The findings and conclusions presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NIH or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"GB, TG, GG, EL, and BK are employed by ICF. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"105"}}