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The Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of SH, YSH and AUMC approved this study and waived the requirement for informed consent because only anonymized data were used retrospectively (IRB no. 4-2022-1299 and 4-2022-1506 [SH], 9-2024-0032 [YSH], AJOUIRB-DB-2024-207 [AUMC]). The UKB obtained Research Tissue Bank (RTB) approval (21\/NW\/0157) from the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee, which covers ethical clearance, and all participants provided informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"JSK reports being a chief executive officer of CPEC inc; and grants from Samjin, Yuhan, Daiichi Sankyo, Biosensors, DIO medical, Qualitech Korea has received consultant fees from Abbott Vascular, Philips and Genoss. SCY reports being a chief executive officer of PHI Digital Healthcare; and grants from Daiichi Sankyo. He is a coinventor of granted Korea Patent DP-2023-1223 and DP-2023-0920, and pending Patent Applications DP-2024-0909, DP-2024-0908, DP-2022-1658, DP-2022-1478, and DP-2022-1365, unrelated to current work. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"94"}}