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The complex interplay of TFs and genes can be modeled as a network, in which each edge represents a regulatory influence. A challenge in such networks is the identification of a set of TFs with the maximum regulatory influence, which is of particular importance in the context of perturbation studies. We model the task of finding a set of TFs to maximize the influence on a set of genes as a probing problem in a bipartite graph. We test different adaptive and non-adaptive algorithms on simulated graphs and discuss their properties and adaptivity gap. Then, we apply the algorithms on real-life data to find TFs regulating genes involved in T-cell mediated immunity and lymphoid leukemia. The approach has minimal data requirements and can be readily applied to all other types of bipartite networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13015-026-00297-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:04:51Z","timestamp":1778853891000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Probing transcription factor subsets in gene regulatory networks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Geis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Hecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hoefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel H.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"297_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.029","volume":"172","author":"SA Lambert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lambert SA, Jolma A, Campitelli LF, Das PK, Yin Y, Albu M, et al. 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