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The Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of each CARe cohort (i.e., the IRBs for each cohort\u2019s field centers, coordinating center, and laboratory center) have reviewed the cohort\u2019s interaction with CARe. CARe itself has been approved by the Committee on the Use of Humans as Experimental Subjects (COUHES) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Identifiers were removed and codes were assigned to any protected health information (PHI) transmitted to the CARe Data Repository, with a Certificate of Confidentiality issued by the National Institutes of Health. All eMERGE sites are based on DNA biobanks linked to electronic health records approved by each Institution\u2019s IRB. Identifiers were removed and all data was shared in the eMERGE network as de-identified data.The BOSS methods were approved by the internal review board of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and all participants provided written informed consent.The BWHHS is a cohort of 4286 women, born between 1919 and 1940, randomly selected from general practitioner lists in 23 British towns. Baseline data were collected between 1999 and 2001. Relevant British ethics committee approval was received for this study.The CLEAR study was approved by both the University of Washington and the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System human subject review processes. Subjects gave written informed consent.The EPIC-NL cohort comprises the Monitoring Project on Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases (MORGEN) and Prospect cohorts. All participants gave written informed consent prior to study inclusion. Both cohorts comply with the Declaration of Helsinki. Prospect was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University Medical Centre Utrecht and MORGEN was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research.For the GIRaFH cohort, written informed consent was obtained from all living patients. The Ethics Institutional Review Board of each participating hospital approved the protocol.For all KORA studies approval is sought from the Ethics Committee of the Bavarian Medical Association (Bayerische Landes\u00e4rztekammer) and the Bavarian commissioner for data protection and privacy (Bayerischer Datenschutzbeauftragter). All study participants provide written consent after being informed about the study. All subjects have the option to restrict their consent to specific procedures, e. g. by denying storage of biosamples.The LURIC study was approved by the institutionalreview board of the ethics committee of the Landes\u00e4rztekammer Rheinland-Pfalz (No. 1997\u2013203) and was performed in adherence to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All subjects gave written informed consent.The PROCARDIS protocol was approved by the ethics committee at each participating center, and all subjects provided written informed consent.All Whitehall II participants gave written informed consent. Participant consent and research ethics approvals (University College London (UCL) ethics committee) were renewed at each contact; latest approved was by the Joint UCL\/UCLH Committee on the Ethics of Human Research (Committee Alpha), reference number 85\/0938.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"25"}}