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In clinical text, acronyms and abbreviations, also referenced as\n                      <jats:italic>short forms,<\/jats:italic>\n                      can be difficult for patients to understand. For one of three shared tasks in 2013 (Task 2), we generated a reference standard of clinical short forms normalized to the Unified Medical Language System. This reference standard can be used to improve patient understanding by linking to web sources with lay descriptions of annotated short forms or by substituting short forms with a more simplified, lay term.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we evaluate 1) accuracy of participating systems\u2019 normalizing short forms compared to a majority sense baseline approach, 2) performance of participants\u2019 systems for short forms with variable majority sense distributions, and 3) report the accuracy of participating systems\u2019 normalizing shared normalized concepts between the test set and the Consumer Health Vocabulary, a vocabulary of lay medical terms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The best systems submitted by the five participating teams performed with accuracies ranging from 43 to 72\u00a0%. A majority sense baseline approach achieved the second best performance. The performance of participating systems for normalizing short forms with two or more senses with low ambiguity (majority sense greater than 80\u00a0%) ranged from 52 to 78\u00a0% accuracy, with two or more senses with moderate ambiguity (majority sense between 50 and 80\u00a0%) ranged from 23 to 57\u00a0% accuracy, and with two or more senses with high ambiguity (majority sense less than 50\u00a0%) ranged from 2 to 45\u00a0% accuracy. With respect to the ShARe test set, 69\u00a0% of short form annotations contained common concept unique identifiers with the Consumer Health Vocabulary. For these 2594 possible annotations, the performance of participating systems ranged from 50 to 75\u00a0% accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Short form normalization continues to be a challenging problem. Short form normalization systems perform with moderate to reasonable accuracies. The Consumer Health Vocabulary could enrich its knowledge base with missed concept unique identifiers from the ShARe test set to further support patient understanding of unfamiliar medical terms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13326-016-0084-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T11:01:26Z","timestamp":1467370886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Normalizing acronyms and abbreviations to aid patient understanding of clinical texts: ShARe\/CLEF eHealth Challenge 2013, Task 2"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Danielle L.","family":"Mowery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett R.","family":"South","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura-Maria","family":"Peltonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanna","family":"Salanter\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Suominen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumithra","family":"Velupillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Elhadad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guergana","family":"Savova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy W.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"84_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1006114","volume":"363","author":"D Blumenthal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blumenthal D, Tavenner M. 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