{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:03:27Z","timestamp":1790039007726,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Biomed Semant"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13326-026-00348-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:11:19Z","timestamp":1788275479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utilizing BERTopic modeling for concept discovery in the domain of gerotranscendence and solitude"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"B. Damayanthi","family":"Jesudas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finn","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Mavrovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Kindya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Yu","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Ravenel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hollen N.","family":"Reischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie C.","family":"Bowker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Beverley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"348_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toro S, Anagnostopoulos A, Bello S, Blumberg K, Cameron R, Carmody L, et al. Dynamic retrieval augmented generation of ontologies using artificial intelligence (DRAGON-AI). J Biomed Semant. 2024;15:19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13326-024-00320-3"},{"key":"348_CR2","unstructured":"Denaux R, Dimitrova V, Cohn AG. Interacting with ontologies and linked data through controlled natural languages and dialogues. In: Do-Form: Enabling Domain Experts to Use Formalised Reasoning \u2013 AISB Convention 2013; 2014 Apr 3\u20135; University of Exeter. Exeter: Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence; 2013. p. 18\u201320."},{"key":"348_CR3","volume-title":"Gerotranscendence: a developmental theory of positive aging","author":"L Tornstam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tornstam L. Gerotranscendence: a developmental theory of positive aging. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2005."},{"key":"348_CR4","unstructured":"Grootendorst M. Bertopic: neural topic modeling with a class based TFIDF procedure. arXiv [Preprint]. 2022. arXiv: 2203.05794."},{"key":"348_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329704","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1329704","volume":"12","author":"P Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen P, Jin Y, Ma X, Lin Y. Public perception on active aging after COVID19: an unsupervised machine learning analysis of 44, 343 posts. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1329704.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"348_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim HN, Freddolino PP. Topic clusters of successful aging studies: results of a topic modeling approach. The Gerontologist. 2024;65(1):gnae095.","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnae095"},{"key":"348_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng QX, Lee DYX, Yau CE, Lim YL, Liew TM. Public perception on \u2018healthy ageing\u2019 in the past decade: an unsupervised machine learning of 63, 809 Twitter posts. Heliyon. 2023;9(2):e13118.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13118"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s1291102402714w","volume":"24","author":"K Ga\u0161perlin Stepan\u010di\u010d","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ga\u0161perlin Stepan\u010di\u010d K, Ramov\u0161 A, Ramov\u0161 J, Ko\u0161ir A. A novel explainable machine learningbased healthy ageing scale. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2024;24(1):317.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955024023311","volume":"22","author":"A Kuspinar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuspinar A, Na E, Hum S, Jones A, Mayo N. Use of advanced topic modeling to generate domains for a preferencebased index in osteoarthritis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2024;22(1):113.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"348_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellanos A, Jiang H, Gomes P, Vander Meer D, Castillo A. Large language models for thematic summarization in qualitative health care research: comparative analysis of model and human performance. JMIR AI. 2025;4:e64447.","DOI":"10.2196\/64447"},{"key":"348_CR11","unstructured":"OpenAI. GPT-4 Technical Report. arXiv [Preprint]. 2023. arXiv:2303.08774."},{"key":"348_CR12","unstructured":"OpenAI. ChatGPT [Internet]. 2025 Aug 11. San Francisco (CA): OpenAI."},{"key":"348_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.5555\/944919.944937","volume":"3","author":"DM Blei","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blei DM, Ng AY, Jordan MI. Latent Dirichlet allocation. J Mach Learn Res. 2003;3:993\u20131022.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"348_CR14","unstructured":"Hitzler P, Kr\u00f6tzsch M, Parsia B, Patel-Schneider PF, Rudolph S. OWL 2 Web ontology language primer. W3C Recommendation. 2012, December, (11) 2012."},{"key":"348_CR15","first-page":"778","volume":"21","author":"S Harris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harris S, Seaborne A, Prud\u2019hommeaux E. SPARQL 1.1 query language. W3C Recommendation. 2013;21:778. (SPARQL).","journal-title":"W3C Recommendation"},{"key":"348_CR16","unstructured":"Nayyeri M, Yogi AA, Fathallah N, Thapa RB, Tautenhahn H, Schnurpel A, Staab S. Retrieval-augmented generation of ontologies from relational databases. arXiv [Preprint]. 2025. arXiv:2506.01232."},{"key":"348_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1145\/2133806.2133826","volume":"55","author":"DM Blei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blei DM. Probabilistic topic models. Commun The ACM. 2012;55:77\u201384.","journal-title":"Commun The ACM"},{"issue":"6","key":"348_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2013.1517","volume":"16","author":"G Fuellen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuellen G, Boerries M, Busch H, de Grey A, Hahn U, Hiller T, et al. In silico approaches and the role of ontologies in aging research. Rejuvenation Res. 2013;16(6):540\u20136.","journal-title":"Silico Approaches The Role Ontol Aging Res. Rejuvenation Res"},{"key":"348_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/44565","volume":"401","author":"DD Lee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee DD, Seung HS. Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization. Nature. 1999;401:788\u201391.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"348_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199009)41:6<391::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"41","author":"S Deerwester","year":"1990","unstructured":"Deerwester S, Dumais ST, Furnas GW, Landauer TK, Harshman RA. Indexing by latent semantic analysis. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol. 1990;41(6):391\u2013407.","journal-title":"J Assoc Inf Sci Technol"},{"key":"348_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886498","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2022.886498","volume":"7","author":"R Egger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Egger R, Yu J. A topic modeling comparison between LDA, NMF, Top2Vec, and BERTopic to demystify Twitter posts. Front Sociol. 2022;7:886498.","journal-title":"Front Sociol"},{"key":"348_CR22","unstructured":"Angelov D. Top2Vec: distributed representations of topics. arXiv [Preprint]. 2020. arXiv:2008.09470."},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9499","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v29i1.9499","volume":"29","author":"Z Cao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cao Z, Li S, Liu Y, Li W, Ji H. A novel neural topic model and its supervised extension. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2015;29(1):9499.","journal-title":"Proc The Thirty-Ninth AAAI Conf Artif Intel"},{"key":"348_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McInnes L, Healy J, Saul N, Gro\u00dfberger L. UMAP: uniform manifold approximation and projection. J Open Source Softw. 2018;3(29):861.","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00861"},{"key":"348_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2733381","volume":"vol. 10, no. 1,","author":"RJGB Campello","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campello RJGB, Moulavi D, Sander J. Hierarchical density estimates for data clustering, visualization, and outlier detection. ACM Trans Knowl Discov Data. 2015;10(1):5:1\u201351.","journal-title":"ACM Trans Knowl Discov Data (TKDD)"},{"key":"348_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00205","volume":"vol. 2, no. 11","author":"L McInnes","year":"2017","unstructured":"McInnes L, Healy J, Astels S. HDBSCAN: hierarchical density based clustering. J Open Source Softw. 2017;2(11):205.","journal-title":"J Educ Chang Open Source Softw"},{"key":"348_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.02.029","volume":"vol. 236","author":"F Ren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ren F, Sohrab MG. Class-indexing based term weighting for automatic text classification. Inf Sci. 2013;236:109\u201325.","journal-title":"Inf Sci"},{"key":"348_CR28","unstructured":"Grootendorst M. KeyBERT: minimal keyword extraction with BERT. 2020."},{"issue":"16","key":"348_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608163","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1608163","volume":"25","author":"A Vanin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vanin A, Bolshev V, Panfilova A. Psychotherapist remarks\u2019 ML classifier: insights from LLM and topic modeling application. Front Psychiatry. 2025;16:1608163.","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"348_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-024-01356-4","volume":"51","author":"C Lalk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lalk C, Steinbrenner T, Kania W, Popko A, Wester R, Schaffrath J, et al. Measuring alliance and symptom severity in psychotherapy transcripts using BERT topic modeling. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2024;51(4):509\u201324.","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"key":"348_CR31","unstructured":"Lundberg SM, Lee SI. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0138-9","volume":"2","author":"SM Lundberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lundberg SM, Erion G, Chen H, DeGrave A, Prutkin JM, Nair B, et al. From local explanations to global understanding with explainable AI for trees. Nat Mach Intell. 2020;2(1):56\u201367.","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"issue":"250","key":"348_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10389","DOI":"10.3389\/ebm.2025.10389","volume":"28","author":"L Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma L, Chen R, Ge W, Rogers P, Lyn-Cook B, Hong H, et al. AI-powered topic modeling: comparing LDA and BERTopic in analyzing opioid-related cardiovascular risks in women. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2025;(250):10389.","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"348_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung MK, Lee SY, Shin T, Park JY, Hwang S, Kim MH, et al. BERT and BERTopic for screening clinical depression on open-ended text messages collected through a mobile application from older adults. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):2161.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23337-4"},{"key":"348_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcninger M, Fox MS. The role of competency questions in enterprise engineering. 1995.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-34847-6_3"},{"key":"348_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monfardini GKQ, Salamon JS, Barcellos MP. Use of competency questions in ontology engineering: a survey. 2023.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-47262-6_3"},{"key":"348_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coplan RJ, Bowker JC, Nelson LJ, editors. The handbook of solitude: psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone. 2nd. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons; 2021.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119576457"},{"key":"348_CR38","unstructured":"Honnibal E, Montani I, Van Landeghem S, SpaCy BA. Industrial-strength natural language processing in Python. Explosion. 2023."},{"issue":"5","key":"348_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(88)90021-0","volume":"24","author":"G Salton","year":"1988","unstructured":"Salton G, Buckley C. Term-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval. Inf Process Manag. 1988;24(5):513\u201323.","journal-title":"Inf Process Manag"},{"key":"348_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1201.0490","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedregosa F, Varoquaux G, Gramfort A, Michel V, Thirion B, Grisel O, et al. Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J Mach Learn Res. 2011;12(85):2825\u201330.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"348_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang M-W, Lee K, Toutanova K. BERT: pre-training of deep Bidirectional transformers for language understanding. Proc. NAACL-HLT. 2019;4171\u201386.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1423"},{"key":"348_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reimers N, Gurevych I. Sentence-BERT: Sentence embeddings using Siamese BERT-networks. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). 2019;3982\u201392.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1410"},{"key":"348_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis M, Liu Y, Goyal N, Ghazvininejad M, Mohamed A, Levy O, et al. BART: denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. Proc ACL. 2020;7871\u201380.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.703"},{"key":"348_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toutanova K, Klein D, Manning C, Singer Y. Feature-rich part-of-speech tagging with a cyclic dependency network. Proc. NAACL-HLT. 2003;173\u201380.","DOI":"10.3115\/1073445.1073478"},{"key":"348_CR45","unstructured":"Santorini B. Part-of-speech tagging guidelines for the Penn Treebank project. Univ. Pa Technical Report. 1990;MS-CIS-90\u201347."},{"key":"348_CR46","volume-title":"Towards understanding relationships","author":"RA Hinde","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hinde RA. Towards understanding relationships. Academic; 1979."},{"issue":"6","key":"348_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00202","volume":"11","author":"VR Brown","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brown VR, Paulus PB. Making group brainstorming more effective: recommendations from an associative memory perspective. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2002;11(6):208\u201312.","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00006.x","volume":"1","author":"PB Paulus","year":"2007","unstructured":"Paulus PB, Brown VR. Toward more creative and innovative group idea generation: a cognitive-social-motivational perspective of brainstorming. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2007;1(1):248\u201365.","journal-title":"Soc Personality Phychol Compass"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2162-6057.2011.tb01083.x","volume":"45","author":"PB Paulus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paulus PB, Kohn NW, Arditti LE. Effects of quantity and quality instructions on brainstorming. J Creat Behav. 2011;45(1):38\u201346.","journal-title":"J Creat Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-014-0460-8","volume":"46","author":"FW Paulus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paulus FW, Backes A, Sander CS, Weber M, von Gontard A. Anxiety disorders and BI in preschool children: a population-based study. Child Psych Hum Dev. 2015;46(1):150\u201357.","journal-title":"Child Psych Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"348_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli162&3_01","volume":"16","author":"BM DePaulo","year":"2005","unstructured":"DePaulo BM, Morris WL. Singles in society and in science. Psychological Inq. 2005;16(2\u20133):57\u201383.","journal-title":"Psychological Inq"},{"key":"348_CR52","first-page":"302","volume-title":"The handbook of solitude: psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone","author":"B DePaulo","year":"2014","unstructured":"DePaulo B. Single in a society preoccupied with couples. In: Coplan RJ, Bowker JC, editors. The handbook of solitude: psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone. Wiley-Blackwell; 2014. p. 302\u201316."},{"key":"348_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams KD. Ostracism: a temporal need-threat model. In: Zanna MP, editor. Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol. 41. Academic Press; 2009. p. 275\u2013314.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)00406-1"},{"key":"348_CR54","volume-title":"Animal behavior","author":"RA Hinde","year":"1966","unstructured":"Hinde RA. Animal behavior. McGraw-Hill; 1966."},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00370.x","volume":"17","author":"RA Hinde","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hinde RA. On describing relationships. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1976;17(1):1\u201319.","journal-title":"J Child Phychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"348_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2800384","volume":"11","author":"RA Hinde","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hinde RA. Interactions, relationships and social structure. Man. 1976;11(1):1\u201317.","journal-title":"Man"},{"key":"348_CR57","volume-title":"Individuals, relationships, and culture: links between ethology and the social sciences","author":"RA Hinde","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hinde RA. Individuals, relationships, and culture: links between ethology and the social sciences. Cambridge University Press; 1987."},{"key":"348_CR58","volume-title":"Single. \u017byj\u0105c w pojedynk\u0105 [Singles. Going it alone]","author":"A \u017burek","year":"2008","unstructured":"\u017burek A. Single. \u017byj\u0105c w pojedynk\u0105 [Singles. Going it alone]. Pozna\u0144: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM; 2008."}],"container-title":["Journal of Biomedical Semantics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13326-026-00348-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13326-026-00348-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13326-026-00348-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:21:16Z","timestamp":1790036476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13326-026-00348-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13326-026-00348-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7383440\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2041-1480"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-1480","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"17"}}