{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T19:01:03Z","timestamp":1771700463009,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]],"date-time":"2015-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425945600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to deal with the track coalescence problem of the joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) algorithm, a novel approach from a state bias removal point of view is developed in this paper. The factors that JPDA causes the state bias are analyzed, and the direct computation equation of the bias in the ideal case is given. Then based on the definitions of target detection hypothesis and target-to-target association hypothesis, the bias estimation is extended to the general and practical case. Finally, the estimated bias is removed from the state updated by JPDA to generate the unbiased state. The results of Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed method can handle track coalescence and presents better performance when compared with the traditional methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-015-0205-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T19:02:21Z","timestamp":1425927741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Coalescence-avoiding joint probabilistic data association based on bias removal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Peiliang","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyou","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"205_CR1","volume-title":"Design and Analysis of Modern Tracking System","author":"S Blackman","year":"1999","unstructured":"S Blackman, R Popoli, Design and Analysis of Modern Tracking System (MA: Artech House, Boston, 1999)"},{"key":"205_CR2","volume-title":"Multitarget-Multisensor Tracking: Principles and Techniques","author":"Y Bar-Shalom","year":"1995","unstructured":"Y Bar-Shalom, XR Li, Multitarget-Multisensor Tracking: Principles and Techniques (CT: YBS Publishing, Storrs, 1995)"},{"key":"205_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DB Kim, SM Hong, Multiple-target tracking and track management for an FMCW radar network. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. (2013). doi:10.1186\/1687-6180-2013-159","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2013-159"},{"key":"205_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Hu, T Zeng, C Zhou, Accurate three-dimensional tracking method in bistatic forward scatter radar. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. (2013). doi:10.1186\/1687-6180-2013-66","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2013-66"},{"issue":"1","key":"205_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2004.1263228","volume":"19","author":"SS Blackman","year":"2004","unstructured":"SS Blackman, Multiple hypothesis tracking for multiple target tracking. IEEE Aero. Electron. Syst. Mag. 19(1), 5 (2004)","journal-title":"IEEE Aero. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"205_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Vivet, P Checchin, R Chapuis, P Faure, A mobile ground-based radar sensor for detection and tracking of moving objects. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. (2012). doi:10.1186\/1687-6180-2012-45","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2012-45"},{"issue":"3","key":"205_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.1983.1145560","volume":"8","author":"TE Fortmann","year":"1983","unstructured":"TE Fortmann, Y Bar-Shalom, M Scheffe, Sonar tracking of multiple targets using joint probabilistic data association. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 8(3), 173 (1983)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"205_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(75)90021-7","volume":"11","author":"Y Bar-Shalom","year":"1975","unstructured":"Y Bar-Shalom, E Tse, Tracking in a cluttered environment with probabilistic data association. Automatica 11(5), 451 (1975)","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"issue":"3","key":"205_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2013.2256772","volume":"7","author":"B Habtemariam","year":"2013","unstructured":"B Habtemariam, R Tharmarasa, T Thayaparan, M Mallick, T Kirubarajan, A multiple-detection joint probabilistic data association filter. IEEE J Sel. Topic Signal Process. 7(3), 461 (2013)","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel. Topic Signal Process."},{"key":"205_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RJ Fitzgerald, Development of practical PDA logic for multitarget tracking by microprocessor, in American Control Conference. (Seattle, 1986), p. 889\u2013898","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC.1986.4789059"},{"key":"205_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HAP Blom, EA Bloem, Joint Probabilistic Data Association Avoiding Track Coalescence, in IEE Colloquium on Algorithms for Target Tracking, (London, 1995), p. 1\u20133","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:19950667"},{"key":"205_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EA Bloem, HAP Blom, Joint Probabilistic Data Association Methods Avoiding Track Coalescence, in Proc. of the 34th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, (New Orleans, 1995), p. 2752\u20132757","DOI":"10.1049\/ic:19950667"},{"issue":"2","key":"205_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1109\/9.839947","volume":"45","author":"HAP Blom","year":"2000","unstructured":"HAP Blom, EA Bloem, Probabilistic data association avoiding track coalescence. IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr. 45(2), 247 (2000)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr."},{"key":"205_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Romeo, DF Crouse, Y Bar-Shalom, P Willett, A Fast Coalescence-Avoiding JPDAF, in Proc. SPIE 8339, Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets, (Baltimore, 2012)","DOI":"10.1117\/12.924335"},{"key":"205_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HL Kennedy, Controlling Track Coalescence with Scaled Joint Probabilistic Data Association, in 2008 International Conference on Radar, (Adelaide, 2008), p. 440\u2013445","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2008.4653963"},{"key":"205_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Chen, YB Xu, Modified Joint Probability Data Association Algorithm Avoiding Track Coalescence. Materials Science and Information Technology, (2012), p. 2298","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.433-440.2298"},{"key":"205_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YB Xu, GM Wang, M Zhu, SL Chen, A Scaled Joint Probabilistic Data Association Algorithm, in 2012 International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, (Rajkot, 2012), p. 238\u2013242","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNT.2012.59"},{"key":"205_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YB Xu, JS Ma, Y Wen, M Zhu, Comparing of Several Modified Joint Probabilistic Data Association Algorithms, in Proc. SPIE 8768, International Conference on Graphic and Image Processing, (Singapore, 2012)","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2010764"},{"key":"205_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X Yibing, C Songlin, W Zhaohui, K Lianrui, Modified Joint Probability Data Association Algorithm Controlling Track Coalescence, in 2011 Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, (Shenzhen, 2011), p. 442\u2013445","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICTA.2011.123"},{"key":"205_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Evan, L Thomas Alan, L Taeyoung, Optimal Joint Probabilistic Data Association Filter Avoiding Coalescence in Close Proximity, in 2014 European Control Conference, (Strasbourg, 2014), p. 2709\u20132714","DOI":"10.1109\/ECC.2014.6862602"},{"key":"205_CR21","unstructured":"S Lennart, S Daniel, W Peter, Set JPDA Algorithm for Tracking Unordered Sets of Targets, in 12th International Conference on Information Fusion, (Seattle, 2009), p. 1187\u20131194"},{"issue":"10","key":"205_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2161294","volume":"59","author":"S Lennart","year":"2011","unstructured":"S Lennart, S Daniel, G Marco, W Peter, Set JPDA filter for multitarget tracking. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 59(10), 4677 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"6","key":"205_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1985.310670","volume":"AES-21","author":"RJ Fitzgerald","year":"1985","unstructured":"RJ Fitzgerald, Track biases and coalescence with probabilistic data association. IEEE Trans. Aero. Electron. Syst. AES-21(6), 822 (1985)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aero. Electron. Syst."},{"issue":"8","key":"205_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2008.920469","volume":"56","author":"D Schuhmacher","year":"2008","unstructured":"D Schuhmacher, BT Vo, BN Vo, A consistent metric for performance evaluation of multi-object filters. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 56(8), 3447 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"7","key":"205_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3452","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2140111","volume":"59","author":"B Ristic","year":"2011","unstructured":"B Ristic, BN Vo, D Clark, BT Vo, A metric for performance evaluation of multi-target tracking algorithms. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 59(7), 3452 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0205-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0205-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0205-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0205-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T20:21:55Z","timestamp":1747772515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0205-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0205-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-6180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-6180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 April 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"24"}}