{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T18:31:34Z","timestamp":1761676294693},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,7]],"date-time":"2015-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433635200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>A new method to smooth the target hybrid state with Gaussian mixture measurement likelihood-integrated track splitting (GMM-ITS) in the presence of clutter for a high pulse repetition frequency (HPRF) radar is proposed. This method smooths the target state at fixed lag <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> and considers all feasible multi-scan target existence sequences in the temporal window of scans in order to smooth the target hybrid state. The smoothing window can be of any length <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>. The proposed method to smooth the target hybrid state at fixed lag is also applied to the enhanced multiple model (EMM) tracking algorithm. Simulation results indicate that the performance of fixed lag smoothing GMM-ITS significantly improves false track discrimination and root mean square errors (RMSEs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-015-0234-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]],"date-time":"2015-06-06T13:01:31Z","timestamp":1433595691000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Fixed lag smoothing target tracking in clutter for a high pulse repetition frequency radar"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Uzair","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi Fang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taek Lyul","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"234_CR1","unstructured":"G Morris, L Harkness, Airborne Pulsed Doppler Radar (Artech House, Norwood, 1996)."},{"key":"234_CR2","volume-title":"Proceedings of CIE International Conference on Radar","author":"D Nagel","year":"2001","unstructured":"D Nagel, H Hommel, in Proceedings of CIE International Conference on Radar. A new HPRF mode with highly accurate ranging capability for future airborne radar (IEEEBeijing, 2001)."},{"issue":"1","key":"234_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn:20060026","volume":"1","author":"YZ Guo","year":"2007","unstructured":"YZ Guo, ZL Liu, YC Guo, ZL Xu, Multiple models track algorithm for radar with high pulse-repetition frequency in frequency-modulated ranging mode. IET Radar Sonar Navigation. 1(1), 1\u20137 (2007).","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navigation"},{"issue":"9","key":"234_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2012.0115","volume":"6","author":"D Mu\u0161icki","year":"2013","unstructured":"D Mu\u0161icki, TL Song, WC Kim, D Ne\u0161i\u010d, Non-linear automatic target tracking in clutter using dynamic gaussian mixture. IET Radar Sonar Navig. 6(9), 94\u2013100 (2013).","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"issue":"3","key":"234_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"YF Shi","year":"2014","unstructured":"YF Shi, TL Song, D Mu\u0161icki, Target tracking in clutter using a high pulse repetition frequency radar. IET Radar Sonar Navig. 9(3), 1\u20139 (2014).","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"234_CR6","unstructured":"Y Bar-Shalom, XR Li, T Kirubarajan, Estimation with Applications to Tracking and Navigation: Theory Algorithms and Software (2004)."},{"issue":"2","key":"234_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(73)90071-X","volume":"9","author":"JB Moore","year":"1973","unstructured":"JB Moore, Discrete-time fixed-lag smoothing algorithms. Automatica. 9(2), 163\u2013173 (1973).","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"issue":"2","key":"234_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-1098(00)00158-8","volume":"37","author":"C Bing","year":"2001","unstructured":"C Bing, KT Jitendra, Tracking of multiple maneuvering targets in clutter using IMM\/JPDA filtering and fixed-lag smoothing. Automatica. 37(2), 239\u2013249 (2001).","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"issue":"1","key":"234_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/7.826308","volume":"36","author":"W Koch","year":"2000","unstructured":"W Koch, Fixed-interval retrodiction approach to Bayesian IMM-MHT for maneuvering multiple targets. IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electronic Sys. 36(1), 2\u201314 (2000).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electronic Sys."},{"issue":"1","key":"234_CR10","first-page":"63","volume":"1","author":"R Chakravorty","year":"2006","unstructured":"R Chakravorty, S Challa, Augmented state integrated probabilistic data association smoothing for automatic track initiation in clutter. J. Adv. Inf. Fusion. 1(1), 63\u201374 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Inf. Fusion"},{"issue":"7","key":"234_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2012.04.001","volume":"48","author":"TL Song","year":"2012","unstructured":"TL Song, D Mu\u0161icki, Smoothing innovations and data association with IPDA. Automatica. 48(7), 1324\u20131329 (2012).","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"issue":"4","key":"234_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1969.1099196","volume":"14","author":"D Fraser","year":"1969","unstructured":"D Fraser, J Potter, The optimum linear smoother as a combination of two optimum linear filters. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control. 14(4), 387\u2013390 (1969).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"issue":"19","key":"234_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4740","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2013.2273195","volume":"61","author":"D Mu\u0161icki","year":"2013","unstructured":"D Mu\u0161icki, TL Song, TH Kim, Smoothing multi scan target tracking in clutter. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 61(19), 4740\u20134752 (2013).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process"},{"issue":"6","key":"234_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1109\/9.293185","volume":"39","author":"D Mu\u0161icki","year":"1994","unstructured":"D Mu\u0161icki, R Evans, S Stankovic, Integrated probabilistic data association. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control. 39(6), 1237\u20131241 (1994).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"234_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2007.4441748","volume":"43","author":"D Mu\u0161icki","year":"2007","unstructured":"D Mu\u0161icki, BFL Scala, RJ Evans, Integrated track splitting filter-efficient multi-scan single-target tracking in clutter. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 43(4), 1409\u20131425 (2007).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"issue":"1","key":"234_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2012.0093","volume":"7","author":"D Mu\u0161icki","year":"2012","unstructured":"D Mu\u0161icki, TL Song, HH Lee, D Ne\u0161i\u010d, Correlated Doppler-assisted target tracking in clutter. IET Radar Sonar and Navigation. 7(1), 937\u2013944 (2012).","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar and Navigation"},{"issue":"3","key":"234_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1109\/7.705921","volume":"34","author":"L Mo","year":"1998","unstructured":"L Mo, XQ Song, YY Zhou, ZK Sun, Bar-Shalom Y, Unbiased converted measurements for tracking. IEEE Trans. Areosp. Electron. Syst. 34(3), 1023\u20131027 (1998).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Areosp. Electron. Syst"},{"key":"234_CR18","first-page":"1","volume-title":"International Conference on Electronics, Information and Communications (ICEIC), 2014","author":"YF Shi","year":"2014","unstructured":"YF Shi, TL Song, D Mu\u0161icki, in International Conference on Electronics, Information and Communications (ICEIC), 2014. Gaussian mixture measurement model for high pulse-repetition frequency radar tracking in clutter (IEEEKota Kinabalu, 2014), pp. 1\u20132."},{"issue":"5","key":"234_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(75)90021-7","volume":"11","author":"Y Bar-Shalom","year":"1975","unstructured":"Y Bar-Shalom, E Tse, Tracking in a cluttered environment with probabilistic data association. Automatica. 11(5), 451\u2013460 (1975).","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"234_CR20","volume-title":"Automatic tracking of maneuvering targets in clutter using IPDA","author":"D Mu\u0161icki","year":"1994","unstructured":"D Mu\u0161icki, Automatic tracking of maneuvering targets in clutter using IPDA (PhD thesis, University of Newcastle, Australia, 1994)."},{"key":"234_CR21","volume-title":"Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2014)","author":"U Khan","year":"2014","unstructured":"U Khan, D Mu\u0161icki, TL Song, in Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2014). A fixed lag smoothing IPDA tracking in clutter (IEEESalamanca, 2014)."},{"key":"234_CR22","unstructured":"M Skolnic, Introduction to Radar Systems (2003)."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0234-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0234-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0234-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0234-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T14:42:27Z","timestamp":1630593747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0234-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,7]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13634-015-0234-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-6180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-6180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"47"}}