{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:27:20Z","timestamp":1767889640793,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several approaches have been proposed to suppress multipath ghost in through-the-wall radar imaging (TWRI). One classical approach, called Aspect Dependent (AD), exploits locations of ghosts in the images without demanding prior knowledge of the reflecting geometry. This operation strategy makes the method superior over multipath exploitation-based approaches. However, the AD method assumes a point target that emulates unreal environment. Therefore, reconstructing extended targets with this method leads to incorrect scene interpretation. This work proposes a ghost suppression method for extended targets based on the AD feature that exploits duo sub-apertures. Firstly, we evaluate the best suppression method using a performance metric called relative clutter peak. Next, the evaluated method is extended to encompass a target extent during sub-images reconstruction. Following this strategy, an effective image fusion method suitable for extended targets is proposed. The method considers pixel neighborhood to effectively recover the given extended target. Simulation results show that, when signal-to-noise ratio is 20dB, the proposed method significantly improves signal-to-clutter ratio and relative clutter peak by 8.8% and 23.8%, respectively, relative to the existing AD based methods under point target assumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-022-00894-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T10:16:53Z","timestamp":1658139413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Aspect dependent-based ghost suppression for extended targets in through-the-wall radar imaging under compressive sensing framework"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Mugundu","family":"Rambika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdi T.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7551-0107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baraka","family":"Maiseli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Idrissa","family":"Amour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Mwambela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"894_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2016.130715","volume":"52","author":"M Leigsnering","year":"2016","unstructured":"M. Leigsnering, F. Ahmad, M.G. Amin, A.M. Zoubir, Parametric dictionary learning for sparsity-based TWRI in multipath environments. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 52(2), 532\u2013547 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"894_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2363233","volume":"8","author":"G Gennarelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"G. Gennarelli, F. Soldovieri, Multipath ghosts in radar imaging: physical insight and mitigation strategies. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens. 8(3), 1078\u20131086 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"894_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Jia, R. Song, S. Chen, G. Wang, C. Yan, Preliminary results of multipath ghost suppression based on generative adversarial nets in TWRI, in 2019 IEEE 4th international conference on signal and image processing (ICSIP), IEEE, pp. 208\u2013212 (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/SIPROCESS.2019.8868597"},{"key":"894_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4598","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2973819","volume":"29","author":"VH Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"V.H. Tang, A. Bouzerdoum, S.L. Phung, Compressive radar imaging of stationary indoor targets with low-rank plus jointly sparse and total variation regularizations. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 29, 4598\u20134613 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"894_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315218144","volume-title":"Through-The-Wall Radar Imaging","author":"MG Amin","year":"2017","unstructured":"M.G. Amin, Through-The-Wall Radar Imaging (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2017)"},{"issue":"3","key":"894_CR6","first-page":"12","volume":"44","author":"A Abdalla","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. Abdalla, Through-the-wall radar imaging with compressive sensing; theory, practice and future trends-a review. Tanz. J. Sci. 44(3), 12\u201330 (2018)","journal-title":"Tanz. J. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"894_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.2017-0241","volume":"40","author":"AT Abdalla","year":"2018","unstructured":"A.T. Abdalla, M.T. Alkhodary, A.H. Muqaibel, Multipath ghosts in through-the-wall radar imaging: challenges and solutions. ETRI J. 40(3), 376\u2013388 (2018)","journal-title":"ETRI J."},{"issue":"2","key":"894_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.120528","volume":"50","author":"M Leigsnering","year":"2014","unstructured":"M. Leigsnering, F. Ahmad, M. Amin, A. Zoubir, Multipath exploitation in through-the-wall radar imaging using sparse reconstruction. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 50(2), 920\u2013939 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"894_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2014.2380787","volume":"14","author":"Q Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Q. Wu, Y.D. Zhang, F. Ahmad, M.G. Amin, Compressive-sensing-based high-resolution polarimetric through-the-wall radar imaging exploiting target characteristics. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 14, 1043\u20131047 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"894_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.T. Abdalla, A.H. Muqaibel, S. Al-Dharrab, Aspect dependent multipath ghost suppression in TWRI under compressive sensing framework, in 2015 international conference on communications, signal processing, and their applications (ICCSPA\u201915), IEEE, pp. 1\u20136 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSPA.2015.7081281"},{"key":"894_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V.H. Tang, A. Bouzerdoum, S.L. Phung, Radar stationary and moving indoor target localization with low-rank and sparse regularizations, in ICASSP 2019-2019 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP), IEEE, pp. 2172\u20132176 (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8682438"},{"issue":"19","key":"894_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6340","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1460501","volume":"39","author":"W Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"W. Wang, D. Xiang, Y. Ban, J. Zhang, J. Wan, Enhanced edge detection for polarimetric SAR images using a directional span-driven adaptive window. Int. J. Remote Sens. 39(19), 6340\u20136357 (2018)","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"12","key":"894_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2256916","volume":"22","author":"P Setlur","year":"2013","unstructured":"P. Setlur, G. Alli, L. Nuzzo, Multipath exploitation in through-wall radar imaging via point spread functions. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 22(12), 4571\u20134586 (2013)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"19","key":"894_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25889","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-5824-9","volume":"77","author":"K Ashwini","year":"2018","unstructured":"K. Ashwini, R. Amutha, Compressive sensing based simultaneous fusion and compression of multi-focus images using learned dictionary. Multimed. Tools. Appl. 77(19), 25889\u201325904 (2018)","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools. Appl."},{"issue":"6","key":"894_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2815042","volume":"15","author":"S Guo","year":"2018","unstructured":"S. Guo, X. Yang, G. Cui, Y. Song, L. Kong, Multipath ghost suppression for through-the-wall imaging radar via array rotating. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 15(6), 868\u2013872 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"894_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2793851","volume":"6","author":"M Rani","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. Rani, S.B. Dhok, R.B. Deshmukh, A systematic review of compressive sensing: concepts, implementations and applications. IEEE Access 6, 4875\u20134894 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"894_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Lagunas, M.G. Amin, F. Ahmad, N\u00e1jar M, Wall mitigation techniques for indoor sensing within the compressive sensing framework, in IEEE 7th sensor array and multichannel signal processing workshop (SAM). IEEE, pp. 213\u2013216 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/SAM.2012.6250470"},{"issue":"9","key":"894_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2019728","volume":"47","author":"YS Yoon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Y.S. Yoon, M.G. Amin, Spatial filtering for wall-clutter mitigation in through-the-wall radar imaging. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 47(9), 3192\u20133208 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"894_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.H.C. Tivive, M.G. Amin, A. Bouzerdoum, Wall clutter mitigation based on eigen-analysis in through-the-wall radar imaging, in 2011 17th international conference on digital signal processing (DSP), IEEE, pp. 1\u20138 (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSP.2011.6004992"},{"issue":"4","key":"894_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2355211","volume":"53","author":"FHC Tivive","year":"2014","unstructured":"F.H.C. Tivive, A. Bouzerdoum, M.G. Amin, A subspace projection approach for wall clutter mitigation in through-the-wall radar imaging. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 53(4), 2108\u20132122 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"2","key":"894_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020549","volume":"18","author":"Y Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Y. Ma, H. Hong, X. Zhu, Interaction multipath in through-the-wall radar imaging based on compressive sensing. Sensors 18(2), 549 (2018)","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"6","key":"894_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8060626","volume":"8","author":"Y Jia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Y. Jia, R. Song, S. Chen, G. Wang, Y. Guo, X. Zhong, G. Cui, Multipath ghost suppression based on generative adversarial nets in through-wall radar imaging. Electronics 8(6), 626 (2019)","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"9","key":"894_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2583795","volume":"13","author":"J Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"J. Liu, L. Kong, X. Yang, Q.H. Liu, First-order multipath ghosts\u2019 characteristics and suppression in MIMO through-wall imaging. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 13(9), 1315\u20131319 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"894_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2015.0171","volume":"10","author":"X Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"X. Chen, W. Chen, Multipath ghost elimination for through-wall radar imaging. IET Radar Sonar Navig. 10(2), 299\u2013310 (2016)","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"894_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2016.07.014","volume":"61","author":"AH Muqaibel","year":"2017","unstructured":"A.H. Muqaibel, A.T. Abdalla, M.T. Alkhodary, S.A. Alawsh, Through-the-wall radar imaging exploiting Pythagorean apertures with sparse reconstruction. Digit. Signal Process. 61, 86\u201396 (2017)","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Process."},{"issue":"3","key":"894_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.4314\/tjs.v46i3.28","volume":"46","author":"M Rambika","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. Rambika, A. Abdalla, B. Maiseli, A.J. Mwambela, Performance evaluation of aspect dependent-based ghost suppression methods for through-the-wall radar imaging. Tanz. J. Sci. 46(3), 903\u2013913 (2020)","journal-title":"Tanz. J. Sci."},{"key":"894_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Yan, G. Cui, S. Guo, L. Kong, X. Yang, Liu T, Multipath ghosts location and sub-aperture based suppression algorithm for TWIR, in IEEE radar conference (RadarConf). IEEE 2016, pp. 1\u20134 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2016.7485207"},{"issue":"9","key":"894_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1017\/S1759078717000666","volume":"9","author":"AH Muqaibel","year":"2017","unstructured":"A.H. Muqaibel, A.T. Abdalla, M.T. Alkhodary, S. Al-Dharrab, Aspect-dependent efficient multipath ghost suppression in TWRI with sparse reconstruction. Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol. 9(9), 1839 (2017)","journal-title":"Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol."},{"key":"894_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/251497","author":"W Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"W. Zhang, M.G. Amin, F. Ahmad, A. Hoorfar, G.E. Smith, Ultrawideband impulse radar through-the-wall imaging with compressive sensing. Int. J. Antennas Propag. (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/251497","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"issue":"12","key":"894_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6482","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2441957","volume":"53","author":"G Gennarelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"G. Gennarelli, G. Vivone, P. Braca, F. Soldovieri, M.G. Amin, Multiple extended target tracking for through-wall radars. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 53(12), 6482\u20136494 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"14","key":"894_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2019.2920471","volume":"67","author":"K Granstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","unstructured":"K. Granstr\u00f6m, J. Bramst\u00e5ng, Bayesian smoothing for the extended object random matrix model. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 67(14), 3732\u20133742 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"894_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.G. Amin, High resolution through-the-wall radar imaging using extended target model, in IEEE radar conference. IEEE 2008, pp. 1\u20134 (2008)","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2008.4720768"},{"key":"894_CR33","unstructured":"A.T. Abdalla, M.T. Alkhodary, A. Muqaibel, Extended targets modelling and block agnostic sparse reconstruction in through-the-wall radar imaging: a different perspective. J. Eng. Res. 7(2) (2019)"},{"issue":"3","key":"894_CR34","first-page":"382","volume":"45","author":"E Kokumo","year":"2019","unstructured":"E. Kokumo, B. Maiseli, A. Abdalla, Target-to-target interaction in through-the-wall radars under path loss compensated multipath exploitation-based signal model for sparse image reconstruction. Tanz. J. Sci. 45(3), 382\u2013391 (2019)","journal-title":"Tanz. J. Sci."},{"key":"894_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Stankovi\u0107, M. Dakovi\u0107, S. Stankovi\u0107, I. Orovi\u0107, Sparse signal reconstruction-introduction. Wiley encyclopedia of electrical and electronics engineering, pp. 1-21 (1999)","DOI":"10.1002\/047134608X.W8350"},{"issue":"3","key":"894_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSISE.2018.093268","volume":"11","author":"AA AlBeladi","year":"2018","unstructured":"A.A. AlBeladi, A.H. Muqaibel, Evaluating compressive sensing algorithms in through-the-wall radar via F1-score. Int. J. Signal Imaging Syst. Eng. 11(3), 164\u2013171 (2018)","journal-title":"Int. J. Signal Imaging Syst. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"894_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2006.871582","volume":"52","author":"DL Donoho","year":"2006","unstructured":"D.L. Donoho, Compressed sensing. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 52(4), 1289\u20131306 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-022-00894-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13634-022-00894-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-022-00894-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]],"date-time":"2024-09-29T09:04:12Z","timestamp":1727600652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13634-022-00894-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13634-022-00894-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-6180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-6180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"63"}}