{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:20:23Z","timestamp":1759335623333},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61901301","62001327","62001328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61901301","62001327","62001328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) system is susceptible to nonlinear effects because of its intrinsic high peak-to-average ratio (PAPR). In this paper, two methods based on discrete Fourier transform spread (DFT-S) are introduced to improve the nonlinear tolerance of CO-OFDM system by extracting and fusing data features, which extract the features of communication data and perform feature fusion to get the important significance of the data. The first one is based on the 2-ary amplitude shift keying (2-ASK) modulation and the Hermitian symmetry of DFT, and the other one is based on the advantages of selective mapping algorithm and characteristics of data subcarrier mapping mode which has a significant impact on PAPR. Simulation results show that compared with the traditional CO-OFDM and DFT-S CO-OFDM systems, the improved methods have better performance in terms of PAPR and BER.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-023-00993-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T12:13:45Z","timestamp":1678104825000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research on alleviating nonlinear problem by data feature extraction and fusion based on DFT-spread"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2023","author":[{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yichao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Du","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaocheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"993_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Wang and X. Wang, Coherent optical DFT-spread OFDM. Adv. Opt. Technol. 2011, 689289 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/689289","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/689289"},{"key":"993_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"076103","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.56.7.076103","volume":"56","author":"L Tao","year":"2017","unstructured":"L. Tao, H. Tan, C. Fang, Iterative algorithm for phase noise estimation in coherent optical DFT-S OFDM systems. OE 56, 076103 (2017)","journal-title":"OE"},{"key":"993_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2012.2200652","volume":"30","author":"G Gao","year":"2012","unstructured":"G. Gao, X. Chen, W. Shieh, Analytical expressions for nonlinear transmission performance of coherent optical OFDM systems with frequency guard band. J. Lightwave Technol. 30, 2447 (2012)","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"993_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2012.02.044","volume":"285","author":"F Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"F. Li, Z. Cao, G. Wen, J. Xiao, J. Yu, L. Chen, Optimization of pilot interval design in direct-detected optical OFDM system. Opt. Commun. 285, 3075 (2012)","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"993_CR5","unstructured":"X. Fang, Y. Wang, D. Ding, L. Zhang, and C. Zhao, Pilot-aided phase noise suppression for coherent optical OFDM\/OQAM, in 2019 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference (ACP) (2019), pp. 1\u20133"},{"key":"993_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Trimeche, N. Boukid, A. Sakly, and A. Mtibaa, Performance analysis of ZF and MMSE equalizers for MIMO systems, in 7th International Conference on Design & Technology of Integrated Systems in Nanoscale Era (2012), pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/DTIS.2012.6232979"},{"key":"993_CR7","unstructured":"On timing offset estimation for OFDM systems. IEEE J. Mag. IEEE Xplore, https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/852929"},{"key":"993_CR8","first-page":"4","volume":"17","author":"LI Ting-ting","year":"2021","unstructured":"L.I. Ting-ting, T. Zheng-rong, Z. Wei-hua, Y. Liu, Improved ACE and ICF low complexity joint algorithm to reduce PAPR of CO-OFDM system. Optoelectron. Lett. 17, 4 (2021)","journal-title":"Optoelectron. Lett."},{"key":"993_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2375794","volume":"33","author":"F Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"F. Li, X. Li, J. Yu, Performance Comparison of DFT-SPREAD and pre-equalization for 8 \u00d7 244.2-Gb\/s PDM-16QAM-OFDM. J. Lightwave Technol. 33, 227 (2015)","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"993_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2010.2050360","volume":"60","author":"C Nader","year":"2011","unstructured":"C. Nader, P. H\u00e4ndel, N. Bj\u00f6rsell, Peak-to-average power reduction of OFDM signals by convex optimization: experimental validation and performance optimization. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 60, 473 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"993_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U. Das, S. P. Das, S. Kumar, Y. Kumar, S. Singh, and D. Nayak, Performance enhancement of OFDM system by reducing PAPR using DFT spreading technique, in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology (RTEICT) (2016), pp. 886\u2013887","DOI":"10.1109\/RTEICT.2016.7807955"},{"key":"993_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2020.2988045","volume":"9","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"X. Chen, J. Cui, W. Ni, X. Wang, Y. Zhu, J. Zhang, S. Xu, DFT-s-OFDM: enabling flexibility in frequency selectivity and multiuser diversity for 5G. IEEE Consum Electron Mag 9, 15 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Consum Electron Mag"},{"key":"993_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Sahin, E. Bala, R. Yang, and R. L. Olesen, DFT-Spread OFDM with frequency domain reference symbols, in GLOBECOM 2017\u20142017 IEEE Global Communications Conference (2017), pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8254241"},{"key":"993_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11746","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2874688","volume":"67","author":"J Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Kim, Y.H. Yun, C. Kim, J.H. Cho, Minimization of PAPR for DFT-spread OFDM With BPSK symbols. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 67, 11746 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"993_CR15","first-page":"1023","volume":"68","author":"R Palisetty","year":"2019","unstructured":"R. Palisetty, K.C. Ray, Oversampled CI-OFDM baseband transceiver architecture and its FPGA prototype: IETE. J. Res. 68(2), 1023 (2019)","journal-title":"J. Res."},{"key":"993_CR16","unstructured":"D. A. Wiegandt, C. R. Nassar, and Z. Wu, Overcoming peak-to-average power ratio issues in OFDM via carrier-interferometry codes, in IEEE VTS 54th Vehicular Technology Conference. Vol. 2, pp. 660\u2013663 (2001)"},{"key":"993_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2019.2931942","volume":"14","author":"R Palisetty","year":"2020","unstructured":"R. Palisetty, K.C. Ray, Multiuser variable rate GO-OFDMA architecture and its FPGA prototype. IEEE Syst. J. 14, 2455 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"993_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26198","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.026198","volume":"19","author":"X Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"X. Chen, A. Li, G. Gao, W. Shieh, Experimental demonstration of improved fiber nonlinearity tolerance for unique-word DFT-spread OFDM systems. Opt Express 19, 26198 (2011)","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"key":"993_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32254","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.032254","volume":"25","author":"J Shi","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Shi, J. Zhang, N. Chi, J. Yu, Comparison of 100G PAM-8, CAP-64 and DFT-S OFDM with a bandwidth-limited direct-detection receiver. Opt. Express OE 25, 32254 (2017)","journal-title":"Opt. Express OE"},{"key":"993_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5127","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2767901","volume":"35","author":"J Shi","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Shi, J. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, N. Chi, J. Yu, Transmission performance comparison for 100-Gb\/s PAM-4, CAP-16, and DFT-S OFDM with direct detection. J. Lightwave Technol. 35, 5127 (2017)","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"993_CR21","unstructured":"(PDF) Digital Communications, John G. Proakis, 4th Edition|Irfan Jamil-Academia.Edu, https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/4147685\/Digital_Communications_John_G_Proakis_4th_Edition"},{"issue":"2","key":"993_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1109\/26.905885","volume":"4","author":"H Ochiai","year":"2001","unstructured":"H. Ochiai, H. Imai, On the distribution of the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM signals. IEEE Trans. Commun. 4(2), 282\u2013289 (2001)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"993_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2004.834030","volume":"50","author":"T Jiang","year":"2004","unstructured":"T. Jiang, G. Zhu, Nonlinear companding transform for reducing peak-to-average power ratio of OFDM signals. IEEE Trans. Broadcast. 50, 342 (2004)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"key":"993_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2008.915770","volume":"54","author":"T Jiang","year":"2008","unstructured":"T. Jiang, Y. Wu, An overview: peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques for OFDM signals. IEEE Trans. Broadcast. 54, 257 (2008)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"key":"993_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/WCL.2012.012012.110254","volume":"1","author":"H Ochiai","year":"2012","unstructured":"H. Ochiai, On instantaneous power distributions of single-carrier FDMA signals. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett. 1, 73 (2012)","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"993_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.120810.100755","volume":"10","author":"H Ochiai","year":"2011","unstructured":"H. Ochiai, Exact and approximate distributions of instantaneous power for pulse-shaped single-carrier signals. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 10, 682 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"993_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2012.2206795","volume":"30","author":"M Sung","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. Sung, S. Kang, J. Shim, J. Lee, J. Jeong, DFT-precoded coherent optical OFDM with hermitian symmetry for fiber nonlinearity mitigation. J. Lightwave Technol. 30, 2757 (2012)","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"993_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27750","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.027750","volume":"25","author":"C-H Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"C.-H. Lin, C.-T. Lin, C.-C. Wei, S. Chi, DFT\/IDFT-free receiving scheme for spread-OFDM signals employing low-sampling-rate ADCs. Opt. Express 25, 27750 (2017)","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"993_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Zhao and A. D. Ellis, Discrete-fourier transform based implementation for optical fast OFDM, in 36th European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (2010), pp. 1\u20133","DOI":"10.1109\/ECOC.2010.5621329"},{"key":"993_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.002379","volume":"20","author":"Q Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Q. Yang, Z. He, Z. Yang, S. Yu, X. Yi, W. Shieh, Coherent optical DFT-spread OFDM transmission using orthogonal band multiplexing. Opt. Express 20, 2379 (2012)","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"993_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Fang, L. Tao, and N. Chi, Interleaved subcarrier allocation for DFT-spread OFDM to reduce PAPR, in 2012 17th Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (2012), pp. 341\u2013342","DOI":"10.1109\/OECC.2012.6276716"},{"key":"993_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/s11801-021-0194-3","volume":"17","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Liu, Z. Tong, W. Zhang, T. Li, M. Wang, A hybrid algorithm for reducing PAPR of CO-OFDM system based on fast hadamard transformation cascading SLM. Optoelectron. Lett. 17, 534 (2021)","journal-title":"Optoelectron. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"993_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2005.850309","volume":"4","author":"D Wulich","year":"2005","unstructured":"D. Wulich, L. Goldfeld, Bound of the distribution of instantaneous power in single carrier modulation. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 4(4), 1773\u20131778 (2005)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"993_CR34","unstructured":"Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air Interface for Long Term Evolution. Wiley EBooks. IEEE Xplore, https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/book\/8040245"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-023-00993-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13634-023-00993-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-023-00993-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T12:17:19Z","timestamp":1678105039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13634-023-00993-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13634-023-00993-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-6180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-6180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"30"}}