{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T16:05:12Z","timestamp":1778256312693,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["41575022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41575022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022NSFSC0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC0214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018542","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022NSFSC0209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC0209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phased array weather radar (PAWR) for hazardous weather phenomena observation has attracted considerable attention. In this paper, a PAWR simulator for volume scan mode modeling is designed and the volume scan model has been used to evaluate the one-dimensional (1D) PAWR beam pattern characteristics and the effect of scanning mode. Firstly, the three-dimensional weather field has been generated by interpolating spectral moment parameters from next-generation weather radar data (NEXRAD), including reflectivity factor, radial velocity and spectral width. Secondly, based on the parameters of radar system and volume scanning modeling, the relationship between phased array beam characteristics and volume scanning mode is established, which can fully simulate the scanning process of phased array radar at different elevation cuts. Finally, according to the concept of 'scattering center', the time series of each range bin during volume scanning is reconstructed. The performance of the PAWR simulator has been evaluated under typical weather scenario, such as tornadoes and the results indicated the effectiveness and superiority over traditional Doppler weather radar. Simulation examples are provided to illustrate the flexibility and practicability of the PAWR simulator, and the factors affecting its PAWR detection performance are evaluated. The research results represent that reducing the number of linear array elements and increasing the array angle will further exacerbate the degradation of data quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-023-01039-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T07:02:17Z","timestamp":1689058937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Volume scan modeling simulator of a 1D phased array weather radar"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2023","author":[{"given":"Xuehua","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2326-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ze","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunxian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaojun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1039_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00063.1","volume":"30","author":"B Isom","year":"2013","unstructured":"B. Isom, R. Palmer, R. Kelley, J. Meier, D. Bodine, M. Yeary, B.-L. Cheong, Y. Zhang, T.-Y. Yu, M.I. Biggerstaff, The atmospheric imaging radar: simultaneous volumetric observations using a phased array weather radar. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 30(4), 655\u2013675 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00063.1","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"1039_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00266.1","volume":"98","author":"JM Kurdzo","year":"2017","unstructured":"J.M. Kurdzo, F. Nai, D.J. Bodine, T.A. Bonin, B. Isom, R.D. Palmer, B.L. Cheong, J. Lujan, A. Mahre, A.D. Byrd, Observations of severe local storms and tornadoes with the atmospheric imaging radar. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 98(5), 915\u2013935 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00266.1","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"1039_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-13-00101.1","volume":"142","author":"MM French","year":"2014","unstructured":"M.M. French, H.B. Bluestein, I. PopStefanija, C.A. Baldi, R.T. Bluth, Mobile, phased-array, doppler radar observations of tornadoes at x band. Mon. Wea. Rev. 142(3), 1010\u20131036 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/MWR-D-13-00101.1","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"1039_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1175\/2008WAF2007071.1","volume":"23","author":"PL Heinselman","year":"2008","unstructured":"P.L. Heinselman, D.L. Priegnitz, K.L. Manross, T.M. Smith, R.W. Adams, Rapid sampling of severe storms by the national weather radar testbed phased array radar. Weather. Forecast. 23(5), 808\u2013824 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2008WAF2007071.1","journal-title":"Weather. Forecast."},{"issue":"6","key":"1039_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1029\/97WR00233","volume":"33","author":"EN Anagnostou","year":"1997","unstructured":"E.N. Anagnostou, W.F. Krajewski, Simulation of radar reflectivity fields: algorithm formulation and evaluation. Water Resour. Res. 33(6), 1419\u20131428 (1997). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97WR00233","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"1039_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1029\/2000WR900041","volume":"36","author":"G Haase","year":"2000","unstructured":"G. Haase, S. Crewell, Simulation of radar reflectivities using a mesoscale weather forecast model. Water Resour. Res. 36(8), 2221\u20132231 (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2000WR900041","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"1039_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1993)032<0268:PBSORR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"32","author":"WF Krajewski","year":"1993","unstructured":"W.F. Krajewski, R. Raghavan, V. Chandrasekar, Physically based simulation of radar rainfall data using a space-time rainfall model. J. Appl. Meteorol. 32(2), 268\u2013283 (1993). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0450(1993)032<0268:PBSORR>2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"1039_CR8","unstructured":"C. Augros, O. Caumont, V. Ducrocq, P. Tabary, Development and validation of a full polarimetric radar simulator. In: 36th Conference on Radar Meteorology, Breckenridge, vol. 387 (2013)"},{"issue":"4","key":"1039_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<0619:SOWDSA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"14","author":"DS Zrni\u0107","year":"1975","unstructured":"D.S. Zrni\u0107, Simulation of weatherlike doppler spectra and signals. J. Appl. Meteorol. 14(4), 619\u2013620 (1975). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<0619:SOWDSA>2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1039_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-4869(95)00009-I","volume":"3","author":"G Galati","year":"1995","unstructured":"G. Galati, G. Pavan, Computer simulation of weather radar signals. Simul. Pract. Theory 3(1), 17\u201344 (1995). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0928-4869(95)00009-I","journal-title":"Simul. Pract. Theory"},{"issue":"2","key":"1039_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHA923.1","volume":"25","author":"BL Cheong","year":"2008","unstructured":"B.L. Cheong, R.D. Palmer, M. Xue, A time series weather radar simulator based on high-resolution atmospheric models. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 25(2), 230\u2013243 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2007JTECHA923.1","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"1039_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2538179","volume":"54","author":"AD Byrd","year":"2016","unstructured":"A.D. Byrd, I.R. Ivi\u0107, R.D. Palmer, B.M. Isom, B.L. Cheong, A.D. Schenkman, M. Xue, A weather radar simulator for the evaluation of polarimetric phased array performance. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 54(7), 4178\u20134189 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2538179","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"1","key":"1039_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2885614","volume":"12","author":"D Schvartzman","year":"2019","unstructured":"D. Schvartzman, C.D. Curtis, Signal processing and radar characteristics (sparc) simulator: a flexible dual-polarization weather-radar signal simulation framework based on preexisting radar-variable data. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. 12(1), 135\u2013150 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2885614","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ."},{"issue":"12","key":"1039_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-20-0087.1","volume":"37","author":"SM Torres","year":"2020","unstructured":"S.M. Torres, D. Schvartzman, A simulation framework to support the design and evaluation of adaptive scanning for phased-array weather radars. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 37(12), 2321\u20132339 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JTECH-D-20-0087.1","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"1039_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<0593:APBRS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"15","author":"C Capsoni","year":"1998","unstructured":"C. Capsoni, M. D\u2019Amico, A physically based radar simulator. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 15(2), 593\u2013598 (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<0593:APBRS>2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"1039_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018<1799:AMPRS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"18","author":"C Capsoni","year":"2001","unstructured":"C. Capsoni, M. D\u2019Amico, R. Nebuloni, A multiparameter polarimetric radar simulator. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 18(11), 1799\u20131809 (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018<1799:AMPRS>2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"1039_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1987)004<0464:SORRAS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"4","author":"V Chandrasekar","year":"1987","unstructured":"V. Chandrasekar, V.N. Bringi, Simulation of radar reflectivity and surface measurements of rainfall. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 4(3), 464\u2013478 (1987). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0426(1987)004<0464:SORRAS>2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"1039_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-19-0092.1","volume":"59","author":"F Nai","year":"2020","unstructured":"F. Nai, J. Boettcher, C. Curtis, D. Schvartzman, S. Torres, The impact of elevation sidelobe contamination on radar data quality for operational interpretation. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 59(4), 707\u2013724 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JAMC-D-19-0092.1","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"1039_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Lupidi, C. Moscardini, F. Berizzi, M. Martorella, Simulation of x-band polarimetric weather radar returns based on the weather research and forecast model. In: 2011 IEEE RadarCon (RADAR), pp. 734\u2013739 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RADAR.2011.5960635","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2011.5960635"},{"key":"1039_CR20","unstructured":"R.A. Fulton, Wsr-88d polar-to-hrap mapping. Hydrologic Research Laboratory, Office of Hydrology, National Weather Service Tech. Memo 34 (1998)"},{"issue":"5","key":"1039_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<0661:AEPFCI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"18","author":"CG Mohr","year":"1979","unstructured":"C.G. Mohr, R.L. Vaughan, An economical procedure for cartesian interpolation and display of reflectivity factor data in three-dimensional space. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 18(5), 661\u2013670 (1979). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/1520-0450(1979)018<0661:AEPFCI>2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1039_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-1689.1","volume":"22","author":"J Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"J. Zhang, K. Howard, J.J. Gourley, Constructing three-dimensional multiple-radar reflectivity mosaics: examples of convective storms and stratiform rain echoes. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 22(1), 30\u201342 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/JTECH-1689.1","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"1039_CR23","volume-title":"Doppler Radar and Weather Observations","author":"RJ Doviak","year":"2006","unstructured":"R.J. Doviak et al., Doppler Radar and Weather Observations (Courier Corporation, Chelmsford, 2006)"},{"issue":"2","key":"1039_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1985.310618","volume":"21","author":"LH Janssen","year":"1985","unstructured":"L.H. Janssen, G.A. Van Der Spek, The shape of doppler spectra from precipitation. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. AES 21(2), 208\u2013219 (1985). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAES.1985.310618","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. AES"},{"issue":"3","key":"1039_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13030432","volume":"13","author":"S Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"S. Dai, X. Li, Z. Bu, Y. Chen, J. He, M. Li, M. Xiong, Signal simulation of dual-polarization weather radar and its application in range ambiguity mitigation. Atmosphere 13(3), 432 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos13030432","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"247","key":"1039_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1949.10483310","volume":"44","author":"N Metropolis","year":"1949","unstructured":"N. Metropolis, S. Ulam, The Monte Carlo method. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 44(247), 335\u2013341 (1949). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1949.10483310. (PMID: 18139350)","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"1039_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/TGE.1979.294638","volume":"17","author":"DS Zrnic","year":"1979","unstructured":"D.S. Zrnic, Estimation of spectral moments for weather echoes. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron. 17(4), 113\u2013128 (1979). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TGE.1979.294638","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron."},{"key":"1039_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12044","volume-title":"Electronically Scanned Arrays MATLAB\u00ae Modeling and simulation","author":"AD Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"A.D. Brown, Electronically Scanned Arrays MATLAB\u00ae Modeling and simulation (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2017)"},{"key":"1039_CR29","volume-title":"Radar Handbook","author":"MI Skolnik","year":"2008","unstructured":"M.I. Skolnik, Radar Handbook (McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2008)"},{"key":"1039_CR30","first-page":"390","volume":"72","author":"C Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"C. Wu, L. Liu, Z. Zhang, Quantitative comparison algorithm between the s-band phased array radar and the Cinrad\/Sa and its preliminary application. Acta Meteorol. Sin. 72, 390\u2013401 (2014)","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"1039_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D.J. Bodine, J.M. Kurdzo, C.B. Griffin, R.D. Palmer, B. Isom, F. Nai, A. Mahre, M. Yeary, T.-Y. Yu,D Overview of a decade of field experiments with the atmospheric imaging radar. In: 2022 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf22), pp. 1\u20136 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RadarConf2248738.2022.9764270","DOI":"10.1109\/RadarConf2248738.2022.9764270"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-023-01039-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13634-023-01039-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13634-023-01039-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T07:07:24Z","timestamp":1689059244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13634-023-01039-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13634-023-01039-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-6180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-6180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"79"}}