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Signal Process."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper proposes a blind hybrid watermarking scheme that addresses the critical need for data security and integrity in e-health systems. The method integrates the Contourlet Transform (CT) and Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) to achieve a robust and imperceptible watermarking solution. The host image is decomposed using CT, after which the low-frequency sub-band is further processed with DTCWT. A differential embedding technique then embeds the watermark into the high-frequency coefficients using a secret key, enabling blind watermark extraction without the original image. Experiments on X-ray, MRI, CT, and ultrasound images demonstrate consistent performance across modalities. The method maintains high imperceptibility PSNR\u00a0&gt;\u00a043.58\u00a0dB, SSIM\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.97) and strong robustness against 26 different attacks. Compared with existing approaches, it improves imperceptibility by up to 11% and robustness under common attacks by 10\u201350% (normalized correlation gain). With blind extraction capability, low computational cost, and proven robustness, the proposed scheme is well-suited for secure medical image transmission in real-world telemedicine applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-025-01275-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:16:55Z","timestamp":1765610215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A robust blind hybrid watermarking technique for medical images based on contourlet and dual-tree complex wavelet transforms"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Kouadri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Benziane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdelhalim","family":"Rabehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Rabehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Takele Ferede","family":"Agajie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdullah K.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1275_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-022-03792-z","volume":"26","author":"A Basit","year":"2023","unstructured":"A. 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