{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:45:28Z","timestamp":1784288728831,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62272456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62272456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62272456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Key Technology Research and Development Program","award":["2022QY0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022QY0101"]}]},{"name":"National Key Technology Research and Development Program","award":["2022QY0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022QY0101"]}]},{"name":"National Key Technology Research and Development Program","award":["2022QY0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022QY0101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EURASIP J. on Info. Security"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, a robust steganographic algorithm that achieves errorless robustness against JPEG recompression has been proposed. The method employs a lattice embedding scheme and utilizes the syndrome-trellis code (STC) for practical embedding. However, we have noticed that errorless robust embedding with STC may encounter failures due to modifications on wet coefficients, especially when a high quality factor is used by the compression channel. To solve this problem, we have discovered that using steganographic polar code (SPC) for embedding has better performance in avoiding modifications on wet coefficients. In this paper, we conduct theoretical analysis to prove the better performance of SPC in wet paper embedding. We establish the condition of avoiding modifications on wet coefficients, followed by presenting a recursive calculation method for determining the distribution of columns in the generator matrix of SPC. The findings reveal that SPC can avoid modifications on wet coefficients under a larger number of wet coefficients compared with STC, and therefore we propose a better errorless robust embedding method employing SPC. The experimental results demonstrate that under close security performance, the proposed method achieves a higher success rate compared with embedding with STC. Specifically, when the quality factor of the compressor is 95 and the payload size is 0.4 bpnzac, our method achieves a success rate of 99.85%, surpassing the 91.95% success rate of the embedding with STC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13635-024-00173-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T16:02:34Z","timestamp":1720108954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Errorless robust JPEG steganography using steganographic polar codes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2024","author":[{"given":"Jimin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"173_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-417X-2014-1","volume":"2014","author":"V Holub","year":"2014","unstructured":"V. Holub, J. Fridrich, T. Denemark, Universal distortion function for steganography in an arbitrary domain. EURASIP J. Inf. Secur. 2014, 1\u201313 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1687-417X-2014-1","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"173_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2312817","volume":"9","author":"L Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"L. Guo, J. Ni, Y.Q. Shi, Uniform embedding for efficient JPEG steganography. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic Secur. 9, 814\u2013825 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2312817","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic Secur."},{"key":"173_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2473815","volume":"10","author":"L Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"L. Guo, J. Ni, W. Su, C. Tang, Y.Q. Shi, Using statistical image model for JPEG steganography: Uniform embedding revisited. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic Secur. 10, 2669\u20132680 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2473815","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic Secur."},{"key":"173_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Cogranne, Q. Giboulot, P. Bas, in Proc. ACM Workshop Inf. Hiding Multimedia Secur. (IH &MMSec). Steganography by minimizing statistical detectability: The cases of JPEG and color images (ACM, Denver, 2020), pp. 161\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3369412.3395075","DOI":"10.1145\/3369412.3395075"},{"key":"173_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2134094","volume":"6","author":"T Filler","year":"2011","unstructured":"T. Filler, J. Judas, J. Fridrich, Minimizing additive distortion in steganography using syndrome-trellis codes. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic Secur. 6, 920\u2013935 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2134094","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic Secur."},{"key":"173_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3948","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2982624","volume":"68","author":"W Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"W. Li, W. Zhang, L. Li, H. Zhou, N. Yu, Designing near-optimal steganographic codes in practice based on polar codes. IEEE Trans. Commun. 68, 3948\u20133962 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2982624","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"173_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Fu, X. Zhao, X. He, in IWDW 2022. High-performance steganographic coding based on sub-polarized channel (Springer, Guilin, 2022), pp. 3\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-25115-3_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-25115-3_1"},{"key":"173_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"X. Zhao, C. Yang, F. Liu, in IWDW 2020. On the sharing-based model of steganography (Springer, Melbourne, 2020), pp. 94\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-69449-4_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69449-4_8"},{"key":"173_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, X. Luo, C. Yang, D. Ye, F. Liu, in Proc. IEEE 10th Int. Conf. Availability Rel. Secur. A JPEG-compression resistant adaptive steganography based on relative relationship between DCT coefficients (IEEE, Toulouse, 2015), pp. 461\u2013466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ARES.2015.53","DOI":"10.1109\/ARES.2015.53"},{"key":"173_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17913","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-4506-3","volume":"77","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, X. Zhu, C. Qin, C. Yang, X. Luo, Dither modulation based adaptive steganography resisting JPEG compression and statistic detection. Multimedia Tools Appl. 77, 17913\u201317935 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11042-017-4506-3","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"key":"173_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2018.2881118","volume":"29","author":"J Tao","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Tao, S. Li, X. Zhang, Z. Wang, Towards robust image steganography. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 29, 594\u2013600 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSVT.2018.2881118","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"173_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2020.3027843","volume":"31","author":"W Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"W. Lu, J. Zhang, X. Zhao, W. Zhang, J. Huang, Secure robust JPEG steganography based on autoencoder with adaptive BCH encoding. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 31, 2909\u20132922 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCSVT.2020.3027843","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"173_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2885438","volume":"14","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Z. Zhao, Q. Guan, H. Zhang, X. Zhao, Improving the robustness of adaptive steganographic algorithms based on transport channel matching. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic Secur. 14, 1843\u20131856 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2885438","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensic Secur."},{"key":"173_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2021.3129419","volume":"29","author":"J Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Zhang, X. Zhao, X. He, H. Zhang, Improving the robustness of JPEG steganography with robustness cost. IEEE Signal Process. Lett. 29, 164\u2013168 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/LSP.2021.3129419","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"173_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2022.108498","volume":"195","author":"K Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"K. Zeng, K. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. Wang, N. Yu, Improving robust adaptive steganography via minimizing channel errors. Signal Process. 195, 108498 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2022.108498","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"173_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Butora, P. Puteaux, P. Bas, Errorless robust JPEG steganography using outputs of JPEG coders. IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput. 1\u201313 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TDSC.2023.3306379","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2023.3306379"},{"key":"173_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B. Diouf, I. Diop, S.M. Farssi, in Int. Conf. Adv. Commun. Technol. ICACT. Performances of polar codes in steganographic embedding impact minimization (IEEE, Pyeongchang, 2017), pp. 927\u2013935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/ICACT.2017.7890246","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2017.7890246"},{"key":"173_CR18","volume-title":"Introduction to linear algebra","author":"G Strang","year":"1993","unstructured":"G. Strang, Introduction to linear algebra (Wellesley-Cambridge Press, Cambridge, 1993)"},{"key":"173_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P. Bas, T. Filler, T. Pevn\u00fd, in Proc. Inf. Hiding. \u201cBreak Our Steganographic System\u201d: The ins and outs of organizing BOSS (Springer, Prague, 2011), pp. 59\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-24178-9_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24178-9_5"},{"key":"173_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2364918","volume":"10","author":"V Holub","year":"2014","unstructured":"V. Holub, J. Fridrich, Low-complexity features for JPEG steganalysis using undecimated DCT. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 10, 219\u2013228 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2364918","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"173_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"X. Song, F. Liu, C. Yang, X. Luo, Y. Zhang, in Proc. ACM Workshop Inf. Hiding Multimedia Secur. (IH &MMSec). Steganalysis of adaptive JPEG steganography using 2D Gabor filters (ACM, Oregon, 2015), pp. 15\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2756601.2756608","DOI":"10.1145\/2756601.2756608"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Information Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13635-024-00173-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13635-024-00173-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13635-024-00173-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T16:09:52Z","timestamp":1720109392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jis-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13635-024-00173-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13635-024-00173-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2510-523X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2510-523X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors give permission for this work to be published in the <i>EURASIP Journal on Information Security<\/i>, and other publications produced by the <i>EURASIP Journal on Information Security<\/i>, in print and online.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}