{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:26:26Z","timestamp":1784708786576,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EURASIP J. on Info. Security"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13635-025-00213-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:07:15Z","timestamp":1758805635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Time-Sensitive Networking Digital Twin for STRIDE-based security testing"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Melis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Giovine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rinieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"213_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/fi15030095","volume":"15","author":"D Berardi","year":"2023","unstructured":"D. Berardi, F. Callegati, A. Giovine, A. Melis, M. Prandini, L. Rinieri, When operation technology meets information technology: challenges and opportunities. Future Internet 15(3), 95 (2023)","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"213_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Salazar, S.R. Castro, J. Lozano, K. Koneru, E. Zambon, B. Huang, R. Baldick, M. Krotofil, A. Rojas, A.A. Cardenas, in\u00a02024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). A tale of two industroyers: It was the season of darkness (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2024), pp. 312\u2013330","DOI":"10.1109\/SP54263.2024.00162"},{"key":"213_CR3","unstructured":"K.E. Hemsley, E. Fisher et al., History of industrial control system cyber incidents. Technical report, Idaho National Lab.(INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States) (2018)"},{"issue":"2","key":"213_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"57","author":"T Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"T. Zhang, G. Wang, C. Xue, J. Wang, M. Nixon, S. Han, Time-sensitive networking (TSN) for industrial automation: current advances and future directions. ACM Comput. Surv. 57(2), 1\u201338 (2024)","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"issue":"1","key":"213_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2869350","volume":"21","author":"A Nasrallah","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. Nasrallah, A.S. Thyagaturu, Z. Alharbi, C. Wang, X. Shao, M. Reisslein, H. ElBakoury, Ultra-low latency (ULL) networks: the IEEE TSN and IETF DetNet standards and related 5G ULL research. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 21(1), 88\u2013145 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"213_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Ergen\u00e7, C. Br\u00fclhart, J. Neumann, L. Kr\u00fcger, M. Fischer, in 2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). On the security of IEEE 802.1 time-sensitive networking (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2021), pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops50388.2021.9473542"},{"issue":"6","key":"213_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2905334","volume":"107","author":"LL Bello","year":"2019","unstructured":"L.L. Bello, W. Steiner, A perspective on IEEE time-sensitive networking for industrial communication and automation systems. Proc. IEEE. 107(6), 1094\u20131120 (2019)","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE."},{"key":"213_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Xue, T. Zhang, S. Han, in Proceedings of the 61st ACM\/IEEE Design Automation Conference. Towards cost-effective real-time high-throughput end station design for time-sensitive networking (tsn) (Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY, USA, 2024), pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1145\/3649329.3658260"},{"key":"213_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109203","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3211969","volume":"10","author":"M Bosk","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. Bosk, F. Rezabek, K. Holzinger, A.G. Marino, A.A. Kane, F. Fons, J. Ott, G. Carle, Methodology and infrastructure for TSN-based reproducible network experiments. IEEE Access 10, 109203\u2013109239 (2022)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"213_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2021.05.011","volume":"60","author":"J Leng","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Leng, D. Wang, W. Shen, X. Li, Q. Liu, X. Chen, Digital twins-based smart manufacturing system design in industry 4.0: a review. J. Manuf. Syst. 60, 119\u2013137 (2021)","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"213_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Grasselli, A. Melis, L. Rinieri, D. Berardi, G. Gori, A. Al Sadi, in 2022 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC). An industrial network digital twin for enhanced security of cyber-physical systems (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2022), pp. 1\u20137","DOI":"10.1109\/ISNCC55209.2022.9851731"},{"key":"213_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogr.2023.04.003","volume":"3","author":"M Javaid","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R. Suman, Digital twin applications toward industry 4.0: a review. Cogn. Robot. 3, 71\u201392 (2023)","journal-title":"Cogn. Robot."},{"key":"213_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications. IEEE Std 802.1AS-2020 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.1AS-2011) pp. 1\u2013421 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2020.9121845","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2020.9121845"},{"key":"213_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks \u2013 Bridges and Bridged Networks - Amendment 25: Enhancements for Scheduled Traffic. IEEE Std 802.1Qbv-2015 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.1Q-2014 as amended by IEEE Std 802.1Qca-2015, IEEE Std 802.1Qcd-2015, and IEEE Std 802.1Q-2014\/Cor 1-2015) pp. 1\u201357 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2016.8613095","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2016.8613095"},{"key":"213_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks\u2013Bridges and Bridged Networks\u2013Amendment 29: Cyclic Queuing and Forwarding. IEEE 802.1Qch-2017 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.1Q-2014 as amended by IEEE Std 802.1Qca-2015, IEEE Std 802.1Qcd(TM)-2015, IEEE Std 802.1Q-2014\/Cor 1-2015, IEEE Std 802.1Qbv-2015, IEEE Std 802.1Qbu-2016, IEEE Std 802.1Qbz-2016, and IEEE Std 802.1Qci-2017) pp. 1\u201330 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2017.7961303","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2017.7961303"},{"key":"213_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE Standard for Ethernet\u2013Amendment 8: Physical Layer and Management Parameters for Power over Data Lines (PoDL) of Single Balanced Twisted-Pair Ethernet. IEEE Std 802.3bu-2016 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.3-2015 as amended by IEEE Std 802.3bw-2015, IEEE Std 802.3by-2016, IEEE Std 802.3bq-2016, IEEE Std 802.3bp-2016, IEEE Std 802.3br-2016, IEEE Std 802.3bn-2016, and IEEE Std 802.3bz-2016) pp. 1\u201377 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2017.7851124","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2017.7851124"},{"key":"213_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013Bridges and Bridged Networks - Amendment 34: Asynchronous Traffic Shaping. IEEE Std 802.1Qcr-2020 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.1Q-2018 as amended by IEEE Std 802.1Qcp-2018, IEEE Std 802.1Qcc-2018, IEEE Std 802.1Qcy-2019, and IEEE Std 802.1Qcx-2020) pp. 1\u2013151 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2020.9253013","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2020.9253013"},{"key":"213_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks\u2013 Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks Amendment 12: Forwarding and Queuing Enhancements for Time-Sensitive Streams. IEEE Std 802.1Qav-2009 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.1Q-2005) pp. 1\u201372 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2010.8684664","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2010.8684664"},{"key":"213_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks\u2013Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks Amendment 14: Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP). IEEE Std 802.1Qat-2010 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.1Q-2005) pp. 1\u2013119 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2010.5594972","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2010.5594972"},{"key":"213_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, ISO\/IEC\/IEEE International Standard \u2013 Information technology \u2013 Telecommunications and information exchange between systems \u2013 Local and metropolitan area networks \u2013 Specific requirements \u2013 Part 1Q: Bridges and bridged networks AMENDMENT 1: Path control and reservation. ISO\/IEC\/IEEE 8802-1Q:2016\/Amd.1:2017(E) pp. 1\u2013122 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2017.8511100","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2017.8511100"},{"key":"213_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE\/ISO\/IEC International Standard-Telecommunications and exchange between information technology systems \u2013 Requirements for local and metropolitan area networks \u2013 Part 1Q: Bridges and bridged networks AMENDMENT 31: Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) enhancements and performance improvements. IEEE\/ISO\/IEC 8802-1Q-2020\/Amd31-2021 pp. 1\u2013211 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2021.9599625","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2021.9599625"},{"key":"213_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks \u2013 Time-Sensitive Networking for Fronthaul. IEEE Std 802.1CM-2018 pp. 1\u201362 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2018.8376066","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2018.8376066"},{"key":"213_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE\/ISO\/IEC International Standard - Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific requirements - Part 1Q:Bridges and bridged networks- AMENDMENT 6: Per-stream filtering and policing. ISO\/IEC\/IEEE 8802-1Q:2016\/Amd.6:2019(E) pp. 1\u201368 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2019.8664696","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2019.8664696"},{"key":"213_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks\u2013Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability. IEEE Std 802.1CB-2017 pp. 1\u2013102 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2017.8091139","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2017.8091139"},{"key":"213_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V. Shankarkumar, L. Montini, T. Frost, G. Dowd. Precision Time Protocol Version 2 (PTPv2) Management Information Base. RFC 8173 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17487\/RFC8173. https:\/\/www.rfc-editor.org\/info\/rfc8173","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8173"},{"key":"213_CR26","unstructured":"S. Hernan, S. Lambert, T. Ostwald, A. Shostack, Threat modeling\u2014uncover security design flaws using the stride approach (MSDN Magazine-Microsoft Corporation, Louisville, 2006) pp. 68\u201375"},{"issue":"5","key":"213_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2918597","volume":"69","author":"C DeCusatis","year":"2019","unstructured":"C. DeCusatis, R.M. Lynch, W. Kluge, J. Houston, P.A. Wojciak, S. Guendert, Impact of cyberattacks on precision time protocol. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 69(5), 2172\u20132181 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"issue":"2","key":"213_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2883287","volume":"23","author":"B Moussa","year":"2018","unstructured":"B. Moussa, C. Robillard, A. Zugenmaier, M. Kassouf, M. Debbabi, C. Assi, Securing the precision time protocol (PTP) against fake timestamps. IEEE Commun. Lett. 23(2), 278\u2013281 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"213_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s42400-023-00140-5","volume":"6","author":"D Berardi","year":"2023","unstructured":"D. Berardi, N.O. Tippenhauer, A. Melis, M. Prandini, F. Callegati, Time sensitive networking security: issues of precision time protocol and its implementation. Cybersecurity 6(1), 8 (2023)","journal-title":"Cybersecurity"},{"key":"213_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Ullmann, M. V\u00f6geler, in 2009 International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication. Delay attacks\u2014Implication on NTP and PTP time synchronization (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2009), pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2009.5340224"},{"key":"213_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P. Meyer, T. H\u00e4ckel, F. Korf, T.C. Schmidt, in Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC). DoS Protection through Credit Based Metering\u2013Simulation-Based Evaluation for Time-Sensitive Networking in Cars.\u00a0 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2019)\u00a0pp. 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VNC48660.2019.9062770","DOI":"10.1109\/VNC48660.2019.9062770"},{"issue":"1","key":"213_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/3314206.3314210","volume":"16","author":"SBH Said","year":"2019","unstructured":"S.B.H. Said, Q.H. Truong, M. Boc, SDN-based configuration solution for IEEE 802.1 time sensitive networking (TSN). ACM SIGBED Review 16(1), 27\u201332 (2019)","journal-title":"ACM SIGBED Review"},{"key":"213_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. Grossman, T. Mizrahi, A. Hacker, Deterministic networking (DetNet) security considerations. Internet Engineering Task Force Request Comments RFC 9055,\u00a01\u201325 (RFC Editor, Fremont, CA, USA, 2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17487\/RFC9055","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9055"},{"key":"213_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Ergen\u00e7, M. Fischer, in IEEE INFOCOM 2021-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. On the reliability of ieee 802.1 cb frer (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2021), pp. 1\u201310","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488750"},{"issue":"4","key":"213_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/LES.2019.2960744","volume":"12","author":"R Hofmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"R. Hofmann, B. Nikoli\u0107, R. Ernst, Challenges and limitations of IEEE 802.1 CB-2017. IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett. 12(4), 105\u2013108 (2019)","journal-title":"IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett."},{"key":"213_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142506","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3120769","volume":"9","author":"Y Seol","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Seol, D. Hyeon, J. Min, M. Kim, J. Paek, Timely survey of time-sensitive networking: past and future directions. IEEE Access 9, 142506\u2013142527 (2021)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"213_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Silva, P. Pedreiras, P. Fonseca, L. Almeida, in 2019 IEEE 22nd international symposium on real-time distributed computing (ISORC). On the adequacy of SDN and TSN for Industry 4.0 (IEEE,\u00a0Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2019), pp. 43\u201351","DOI":"10.1109\/ISORC.2019.00017"},{"key":"213_CR38","unstructured":"The Business Research Company. Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) Global Market Report 2023 (2023). https:\/\/www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com\/report\/time-sensitive-networking-tsn-global-market-report. Accessed 15 Nov 2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"213_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2023.3327108","volume":"21","author":"M Ulbricht","year":"2024","unstructured":"M. Ulbricht, S. Senk, H.K. Nazari, H.H. Liu, M. Reisslein, G.T. Nguyen, F.H.P. Fitzek, Tsn-flextest: flexible tsn measurement testbed. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag. 21(2), 1387\u20131402 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNSM.2023.3327108","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"213_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.B.H. Said, M.T. Thi, M. Kellil, A. Olivereau, in 2023 IEEE 28th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA). On the management of TSN networks in 6G: A network digital twin approach (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2023), pp. 1\u20137","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA54631.2023.10275568"},{"issue":"6","key":"213_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2812849","volume":"50","author":"Y Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y. Huang, J. Farkas, Challenges of digital twins in complex systems. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst. 50(6), 365\u2013377 (2020)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"213_CR42","unstructured":"K. Morris, Infrastructure as code (O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc., Sebastopol, CA, USA, 2020)"},{"key":"213_CR43","unstructured":"L. Hochstein, R. Moser, Ansible: Up and Running: Automating configuration management and deployment the easy way (O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc., Sebastopol, CA, USA, 2017)"},{"key":"213_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.C. Eidson, M. Fischer, J. White, in Proceedings of the 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting. IEEE-1588\u2122 standard for a precision clock synchronization protocol for networked measurement and control systems (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2002), pp. 243\u2013254","DOI":"10.1109\/SFICON.2002.1159815"},{"key":"213_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Davoli, in First international conference on testbeds and research infrastructures for the development of networks and communities. Vde: Virtual distributed ethernet (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2005), pp. 213\u2013220","DOI":"10.1109\/TRIDNT.2005.38"},{"key":"213_CR46","unstructured":"L. Torvalds, M. Krasnyansky, M. Yevmenkin, F. Thiel, TUN\/TAP device driver documentation (2002). https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/Documentation\/networking\/tuntap.txt. Accessed 16 Nov 2024"},{"issue":"5","key":"213_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1145\/1400097.1400108","volume":"42","author":"R Russell","year":"2008","unstructured":"R. Russell, Virtio: towards a de-facto standard for virtual I\/O devices. ACM SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. 42(5), 95\u2013103 (2008)","journal-title":"ACM SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"213_CR48","unstructured":"S. Braithwaite, Queuing disciplines on Linux made easy. Ph.D. thesis, University of Southern Queensland (2006)"},{"issue":"2","key":"213_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1145\/2980024.2872378","volume":"44","author":"Y Kuperman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Y. Kuperman, E. Moscovici, J. Nider, R. Ladelsky, A. Gordon, D. Tsafrir, Paravirtual remote i\/o. ACM Sigarch Comput. Archit. News 44(2), 49\u201365 (2016)","journal-title":"ACM Sigarch Comput. Archit. News"},{"key":"213_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Topsakal, S. Cevher, in 2022 30th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). Impact Analysis of Denial of Service Attacks in IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2022), pp. 1\u20134","DOI":"10.1109\/SIU55565.2022.9864840"},{"key":"213_CR51","unstructured":"openSUSE, Managing the Clock in KVM (2024). https:\/\/doc.opensuse.org\/documentation\/leap\/virtualization\/html\/book-virtualization\/sec-kvm-managing-clock.html. Accessed 16 Nov 2024"},{"key":"213_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Langer, S. Fries, M. Rohde, K. Heine, D. Sibold, R. Bermbach, in 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control, and Communication (ISPCS). PTP Security key management solutions (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2021), pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS49990.2021.9615270"},{"key":"213_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Shereen, F. Bitard, G. D\u00e1n, T. Sel, S. Fries, in 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control, and Communication (ISPCS). Next steps in security for time synchronization: Experiences from implementing IEEE 1588 v2. 1 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2019), pp. 1\u20136","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPCS.2019.8886641"},{"key":"213_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1943","volume":"10","author":"NH Abd\u00a0Wahab","year":"2024","unstructured":"N.H. Abd\u00a0Wahab, K. Hasikin, K.W. Lai, K. Xia, L. Bei, K. Huang, X. Wu, Systematic review of predictive maintenance and digital twin technologies challenges, opportunities, and best practices. PeerJ Comput. Sci. 10, e1943 (2024)","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput. Sci."},{"key":"213_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Zanbouri, M. Noor-A-Rahim, J. John, C.J. Sreenan, H.V. Poor, D. Pesch, A comprehensive survey of wireless time-sensitive networking (tsn): Architecture, technologies, applications, and open issues. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 1\u20131 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2024.3486618","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3486618"},{"issue":"3","key":"213_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.0002.2300027","volume":"8","author":"Y Yigit","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. Yigit, H. Ahmadi, G. Yurdakul, B. Canberk, T. Hoang, T.Q. Duong, Digi-infrastructure: Digital twin-enabled traffic shaping with low-latency for 6G smart cities. IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag. 8(3), 28\u201334 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCOMSTD.0002.2300027","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"213_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S.B. Hadj Said, M.T. Thi, M. Kellil, A. Olivereau, in 2023 IEEE 28th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA). On the management of tsn networks in 6g: A network digital twin approach (2023), pp. 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ETFA54631.2023.10275568","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA54631.2023.10275568"},{"key":"213_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Sasiain, D. Franco, A. Atutxa, J. Astorga, E. Jacob, Towards the integration and convergence between 5g and tsn technologies and architectures for industrial communications: A survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 1\u20131 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/COMST.2024.3422613","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3422613"},{"key":"213_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Lu, G. Zhao, C. Xu, M. Imran, K. Yu, J.J. Rodrigues, in ICC 2023 - IEEE International Conference on Communications. A framework for digital twin-based deterministic communication in satellite time sensitive networks (2023), pp. 6301\u20136306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICC45041.2023.10279611","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45041.2023.10279611"},{"issue":"6","key":"213_CR60","first-page":"672","volume":"7","author":"R Tavva","year":"2025","unstructured":"R. Tavva, Time-sensitive networking in advanced manufacturing environments: A framework for industry 4.0 implementation. J. Comput. Sci. Technol. Stud. 7(6), 672\u2013678 (2025)","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Technol. Stud."},{"key":"213_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.V. Cakir, C.J. Thomson, M. \u00d6zdem, B. Canberk, V.L. Nguyen, T.Q. Duong, Intelligent digital twin communication framework for addressing accuracy and timeliness tradeoff in resource-constrained networks. IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw. (2024)","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3469234"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Information Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13635-025-00213-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13635-025-00213-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13635-025-00213-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:07:24Z","timestamp":1758805644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jis-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13635-025-00213-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13635-025-00213-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2510-523X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2510-523X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"26"}}