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Secur."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    During criminal investigations, the availability of usable face imagery for persons of interest directly affects downstream investigative activities, including poster standardization and human-based search and review. In practice, agencies often face scarcity of high-quality images, heterogeneous capture conditions, and obsolescence, which can reduce the utility of available evidence and hinder timely information sharing. This paper introduces a forensic-oriented mugshot augmentation framework and evaluation protocol to support law-enforcement workflows with modern vision-language and generative models. The proposed modular pipeline optionally enhances low-quality inputs, extracts structured poster-style physical descriptors from a single image, and generates controlled synthetic portraits conditioned on those descriptors while monitoring identity consistency. By formalizing these steps and their associated measurements, the framework provides a reproducible reference for studying how such technologies behave under realistic constraints and for identifying failure cases relevant to forensic use. On the evaluated dataset, attribute extraction reached\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$83.1\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mn>83.1<\/mml:mn>\n                            <mml:mo>%<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    (+\u20092.3 percentage points over the original mugshots), and re-identification backends showed clear separation between same-subject and different-subject pairs (similarity\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\sim$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mo>\u223c<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    \u20090.70 vs.\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$\\sim$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mo>\u223c<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    \u20090.50). These results indicate that the framework can improve descriptor faithfulness and support identity-consistent augmentation under the tested conditions; limitations and forensic-relevant risks (e.g., appearance drift and demographic sensitivity) are explicitly discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13635-026-00231-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:16:59Z","timestamp":1777007819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TeLL-me what you cannot see: a vision-language framework for forensic mugshot augmentation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Saverio","family":"Cavasin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Tamiazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Biasetton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"231_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.180","volume":"33","author":"B Klare","year":"2011","unstructured":"B. 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