{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T07:18:47Z","timestamp":1773904727214,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,27]],"date-time":"2018-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532649600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J AUDIO SPEECH MUSIC PROC."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13636-018-0131-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,27]],"date-time":"2018-07-27T06:07:37Z","timestamp":1532671657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An artificial patient for pure-tone audiometry"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8847-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kocian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Cattani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Chessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilko","family":"Grolman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"131_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Fact sheet 300\u2014deafness and hearing loss. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs300\/en\/. Accessed: 26 Apr 2017. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs300\/en\/\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"131_CR2","volume-title":"Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations, 3rd edn.","year":"1990","unstructured":"(HK Walker, WD Hall, JW Hurst, eds.), Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations, 3rd edn. (Butterworths, Boston, 1990). Chap. 133."},{"key":"131_CR3","volume-title":"Audiology diagnosis","author":"RJ Roeser","year":"2007","unstructured":"RJ Roeser, M Valente, H Hosford-Dunn, Audiology diagnosis (Thieme, Germany, 2007)."},{"key":"131_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100091155","volume":"95","author":"M Nolan","year":"1981","unstructured":"M Nolan, DJ Lyon, Transcranial attenuation in bone-conduction audiometry. J. Laryngol. Otol.95:, 597\u2013608 (1981).","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"131_CR5","volume-title":"Acoustics\u2014reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment","author":"ISO 389 series","year":"2017","unstructured":"ISO 389 series, Acoustics\u2014reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2017). \n                    https:\/\/www.iso.org\/ics\/13.140\/x\/\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"131_CR6","volume-title":"Elemente der Psychophysik [elements of psychophysics]","author":"GT Fechner","year":"1860","unstructured":"GT Fechner, Elemente der Psychophysik [elements of psychophysics] (Breitkopf und H\u00e4rtel, Leipzig, 1860)."},{"key":"131_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912375","volume":"49","author":"H Levitt","year":"1971","unstructured":"H Levitt, Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.49:, 467\u2013477 (1971).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"131_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.2404.330","volume":"24","author":"R Carhart","year":"1959","unstructured":"R Carhart, JF Jerger, Preferred method for clinical determination of pure-tone thresholds. J. Speech Hear. Disord.24:, 330\u2013345 (1959).","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Disord."},{"key":"131_CR9","volume-title":"Pseudohypacusis: false and exaggerated hearing loss","year":"2011","unstructured":"(JE Peck, ed.), Pseudohypacusis: false and exaggerated hearing loss (Plural Publishing Inc., San Diego, 2011)."},{"issue":"4","key":"131_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.4.P179","volume":"49","author":"JL Fozard","year":"1994","unstructured":"JL Fozard, M Vercryssen, SL Reynolds, PA Hancock, RE Quilter, Age differences and changes in reaction time: the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. J. Gerontol. Psychol. Sci.49(4), 179\u2013189 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"131_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488009131721","volume":"90","author":"L Marshall","year":"1980","unstructured":"L Marshall, JF Brandt, The relationship between loudness and reaction time in normal hearing listeners. Acta Otolaryngol. 90:, 244\u2013249 (1980).","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"10","key":"131_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.248260","volume":"591","author":"A Recio-Spinoso","year":"2013","unstructured":"A Recio-Spinoso, NP Cooper, Masking of sounds by a background noise\u2014cochlear mechanical correlates. J. Physiol.591(10), 2705\u20132721 (2013). \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.248260\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"131_CR13","volume-title":"Basic pure tone air and bone conduction threshold audiometry","author":"ISO 8253-1","year":"2010","unstructured":"ISO 8253-1, Basic pure tone air and bone conduction threshold audiometry (International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2010). \n                    https:\/\/www.iso.org\/ics\/13.140\/x\/\n                    \n                  ."},{"issue":"2","key":"131_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/0969141314528322","volume":"21","author":"ACS Kam","year":"2014","unstructured":"ACS Kam, LKC Li, KNK Yeung, W Wu, Z Huang, H Wu, MCF Tong, Automated hearing screening for preschool children. SAGE J. Med. Screen.21(2), 71\u201375 (2014).","journal-title":"SAGE J. Med. Screen."},{"key":"131_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.12.015","volume":"263","author":"P Parent","year":"2010","unstructured":"P Parent, JB Allen, Time-domain \u201cwave\u201d model of the human tympanic membrane. Hear. Res.263:, 152\u2013167 (2010).","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"131_CR16","first-page":"363","volume":"58","author":"JM Kates","year":"2010","unstructured":"JM Kates, KH Arehart, The hearing-aid quality speech index (HASQI). J. Audio Eng. Soc.58(5), 363\u2013381 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Audio Eng. Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"131_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.17743\/jaes.2014.0006","volume":"62","author":"JM Kates","year":"2014","unstructured":"JM Kates, KH Arehart, The hearing-aid speech quality index (HASQI) version 2. J. Audio Eng. Soc.62(3), 99\u2013117 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Audio Eng. Soc."},{"key":"131_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-55432-5_2","volume-title":"2. Signal processing model of human auditory system","author":"Y Soeta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Y Soeta, Y Ando, 2. Signal processing model of human auditory system (Springer, Tokyo, 2015)."},{"key":"131_CR19","volume-title":"Making masking manageable","author":"TA Hamill","year":"2016","unstructured":"TA Hamill, Making masking manageable (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston, 2016). mbook."},{"key":"131_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3109\/14992021003663111","volume":"49","author":"KJ Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m","year":"2010","unstructured":"KJ Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m, J Lantz, Interaural attenuation for sennheiser HDA 200 circumaural earphones. Int. J. Audiol.49:, 467\u2013471 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"131_CR21","unstructured":"Nova Southeastern University, FL, USA, AudSim Flex (2015). http:\/\/audsim.com. Accessed 26 Apr 2017."},{"key":"131_CR22","unstructured":"Innoforce Est., Liechtenstein, Otis\u2014the virtual patient (2013). \n                    http:\/\/www.innoforce.com\n                    \n                  . Accessed 26 Apr 2017."},{"key":"131_CR23","unstructured":"Parrot Software, Audiology Clinic (2009). https:\/\/www.parrotsoftware.com\/shop\/audiology.htm. Accessed 06 Dec 2017."},{"issue":"8","key":"131_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590903127677","volume":"31","author":"J Round","year":"2009","unstructured":"J Round, E Conradi, T Poulton, Training staff to create simple interactive virtual patients: the impact on a medical and healthcare institution. Med. Teach.31(8), 764\u2013769 (2009).","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"131_CR25","unstructured":"A Heitz, Improving clinical education through the use of virtual patient-based computer simulations. PhD thesis, University of Canterbury, (New Zealand, 2013). https:\/\/ir.canterbury.ac.nz\/xmlui\/handle\/10092\/8193."},{"key":"131_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2016.7543828","volume-title":"Proc. Symposium on Computers and Communication, ISCC 2016","author":"A Kocian","year":"2016","unstructured":"A Kocian, S Chessa, W Grolman, in Proc. Symposium on Computers and Communication, ISCC 2016. Development and realization of an artificial patient with hearing impairment (IEEEMessina, 2016), pp. 760\u2013765. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISCC.2016.7543828\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"131_CR27","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. of Int. Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS 2015)","author":"E Szopos","year":"2015","unstructured":"E Szopos, I Saracut, C Farcas, M Neag, M Topa, in Proc. of Int. Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS 2015). IIR filter synthesis based on real-coded genetic algorithm for human audiogram emulation (IEEEIasi, 2015), pp. 1\u20134."},{"issue":"11","key":"131_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1977.10771","volume":"65","author":"AJ Jerri","year":"1977","unstructured":"AJ Jerri, The Shannon sampling theorem\u2014its various extensions and applications: a tutorial review. Proc. IEEE. 65(11), 1565\u20131596 (1977).","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"131_CR29","volume-title":"Digital communications, 3rd edn.","year":"1995","unstructured":"(JG Proakis, ed.), Digital communications, 3rd edn. (McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, 1995)."},{"key":"131_CR30","first-page":"638","volume":"1","author":"Parseval des Ch\u00eanes","year":"1806","unstructured":"Parseval des Ch\u00eanes, M\u00e9moire sur les s\u00e9ries et sur l\u2019int\u00e9gration compl\u00e8te d\u2019une \u00e9quation aux diff\u00e9rences partielles lin\u00e9aire du second ordre, \u00e0 coefficients constants. M\u00e9m. pr\u00e9sent. Inst. Sci. Lett. Arts Divers savans lus assem., Sci. Math. Phys.1:, 638\u2013648 (1806). in French.","journal-title":"M\u00e9m. pr\u00e9sent. Inst. Sci. Lett. Arts Divers savans lus assem., Sci. Math. Phys."},{"key":"131_CR31","volume-title":"Communication systems and techniques","author":"M Schwartz","year":"1996","unstructured":"M Schwartz, WR Bennett, S Stein, Communication systems and techniques (IEEE Press, New York, 1996)."},{"issue":"5","key":"131_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/79.708543","volume":"15","author":"PC Loizou","year":"1998","unstructured":"PC Loizou, Mimicking the human ear. IEEE Signal Process Mag. 15(5), 101\u2013130 (1998). \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/79.708543\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process Mag"},{"key":"131_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1967.5573","volume":"55","author":"H Urkowitz","year":"1967","unstructured":"H Urkowitz, Energy detection of unknown deterministic signals. Proc. IEEE. 55:, 523\u2013531 (1967).","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"131_CR34","volume-title":"Auralization","author":"M Vorl\u00e4nder","year":"2007","unstructured":"M Vorl\u00e4nder, Auralization (Springer, Berlin, 2007)."},{"key":"131_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4743464","volume":"108","author":"AJ Campanella","year":"2000","unstructured":"AJ Campanella, Reference sound source calibration at various temperatures and site altitudes. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.108:, 2551 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"131_CR36","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Tagungsband Fortschritte der Akustik - AIA-Tagungsband Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA 2013, Meran, Italy","author":"J Putner","year":"2013","unstructured":"J Putner, PB Grams, H Fastl, in Tagungsband Fortschritte der Akustik - AIA-Tagungsband Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA 2013, Meran, Italy. Nonlinear behavior of piezoelectric accelerometers (DEGAMerano, 2013), pp. 63\u201364."},{"key":"131_CR37","first-page":"58","volume":"35","author":"AK Abraham","year":"2016","unstructured":"AK Abraham, C Jain, L Yashaswini, Effect of ambient noise on pure tone hearing screening test conducted in Indian rudal locations. J. Indian Inst. Speech Hear.35:, 58\u201365 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Indian Inst. Speech Hear."},{"key":"131_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-196009000-00001","volume":"70","author":"JD Hood","year":"1960","unstructured":"JD Hood, Principles and practices of bone-conduction audiometry. Laryngoscope. 70:, 1211\u20131228 (1960).","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"131_CR39","first-page":"15","volume":"9","author":"AL McQueen","year":"2011","unstructured":"AL McQueen, JG Terhune, Central masking: fact or artifact?New Sch. Soc. Res.9(1), 15\u201320 (2011).","journal-title":"New Sch. Soc. Res."},{"issue":"2\/3\/4","key":"131_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.1994.577018","volume":"42","author":"JM Geist","year":"1994","unstructured":"JM Geist, Asymptotic error rate behavior for noncoherent on-off keying. IEEE Trans. Comm.42(2\/3\/4), 225 (1994).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comm."},{"key":"131_CR41","unstructured":"British Society of Audiology, pure-tone air-conduction and bone-conduction threshold audiometry with and without masking. Guidelines, British Society of Audiology (2015). Accessed: 20 July 2017. http:\/\/www.thebsa.org.uk\/resources\/pure-tone-air-bone-conduction-threshold-audiometry-without-masking\/."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13636-018-0131-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13636-018-0131-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13636-018-0131-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T19:07:08Z","timestamp":1564168028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/asmp-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13636-018-0131-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13636-018-0131-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-4722"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-4722","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"8"}}