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Unlike many other applications, microphone arrays in humanoid robots have to face the restrictions in size and geometry. To address these challenges, this paper presents an approach to differential beamforming with arbitrary planar array geometries. The major contributions of this work are as follows: (1) a method is presented to design differential beamformers, which works for regular geometries such as linear, circular, and concentric circular ones, as well as irregular geometries, as long as the sensors\u2019 positions are given or can be measured; (2) fundamental requirements for the design of different orders of linear differential microphone arrays (DMAs), partially steerable DMAs, fully steerable DMAs, and robust DMAs are discussed; (3) the validity and limitations of the Jacobi-Anger expansion approximation is analyzed, where we discuss how to achieve an optimal approximation by properly choosing the reference point; and (4) we show how to design an <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>th-order DMA with 2<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> microphones using the Jacobi-Anger expansion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13636-020-00185-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T09:08:39Z","timestamp":1604480919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Steerable differential beamformers with planar microphone arrays"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Gongping","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingdong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Benesty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"185_CR1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"HSCMA","author":"H. 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