{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:08:49Z","timestamp":1777651729077,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61762079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61762079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61662070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61662070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61363059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61363059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-018-1230-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T12:40:03Z","timestamp":1535719203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["PCA-Kalman: device-free indoor human behavior detection with commodity Wi-Fi"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Xiaochao","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhanjun","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700081","volume":"55","author":"L Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"L. Chen, X. Chen, L. Ni, Y. Peng, D. Fang, Human behavior recognition using Wi-Fi CSI: challenges and opportunities. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55(10), 112\u2013117 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"6","key":"1230_CR2","first-page":"2009","volume":"54","author":"X Wu","year":"2004","unstructured":"X. Wu, Z. Tian, T.N. Davidson, G.B. Giannakis, Optimal waveform design for UWB radios. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 54(6), 2009\u20132021 (2004)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"C","key":"1230_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.09.005","volume":"38","author":"L Gong","year":"2016","unstructured":"L. Gong, W. Yang, Z. Zhou, D. Man, H. Cai, X. Zhou, et al., An adaptive wireless passive human detection via fine-grained physical layer information. Ad Hoc Netw. 38(C), 38\u201350 (2016)","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"1230_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Zhou, X. Lu, P. Zhao, J. Chen, Device-free presence detection and localization with SVM and CSI fingerprinting. IEEE Sensors J. 17(23), 7990-7999 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2762428"},{"key":"1230_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Li, Z. Qin, H. Song, X. Yang, R. Zhang, A lightweight and aggregated system for indoor\/outdoor detection using smart devices. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. (2017).\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2017.05.028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.05.028"},{"key":"1230_CR6","unstructured":"O. Ammae, J. Korpela, T. Maekawa, Unobtrusive detection of body movements during sleep using Wi-Fi received signal strength with model adaptation technique. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 78, 616-625. (2018)"},{"key":"1230_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Chriki, H. Touati, H. Snoussi, SVM-based indoor localization in wireless sensor networks. Wireless communications and mobile computing conference IEEE (pp. 1144-1149) (2017).\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IWCMC.2017.7986446","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2017.7986446"},{"issue":"11","key":"1230_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430294","volume":"33","author":"C Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"C. Wu, Z. Yang, Z. Zhou, X. Liu, Y. Liu, J. Cao, Non-invasive detection of moving and stationary human with WiFi. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 33(11), 2329\u20132342 (2015)","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.23919\/TST.2017.7986938","volume":"22","author":"H Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"H. Zhu, F. Xiao, L. Sun, X. Xie, P. Yang, R. Wang, Robust and passive motion detection with cots WiFi devices. Tsinghua Science Technology 22(4), 345\u2013359 (2017)","journal-title":"Tsinghua Science Technology"},{"key":"1230_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Xiao, X. Xie, H. Zhu, L. Sun, R. Wang, Invisible Cloak Fails: CSI-Based Passive Human Detection. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Context Sensing and Activity Recognition (ACM, 2015), pp. 19\u201323","DOI":"10.1145\/2820716.2820719"},{"key":"1230_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Qian, C. Wu, Z. Yang, Y. Liu, K. Jamieson, Widar: Decimeter-Level Passive Tracking via Velocity Monitoring with Commodity Wi-Fi. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing. ACM (2017)","DOI":"10.1145\/3084041.3084067"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"L Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"L. Zhang, E. Ding, Z. Zhao, Y. Hu, X. Wang, K. Zhang, A novel fingerprinting using channel state information with MIMO\u2013OFDM. Clust. Comput. 20(4), 1\u201314 (2017)","journal-title":"Clust. Comput."},{"key":"1230_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Jiang, H., Xiong, J., Jamieson, K., Chen, X., Fang, D., et al. LiFS: Low Human-Effort, Device-Free Localization with Fine-Grained Subcarrier Information). International Conference on Mobile Computing and NETWORKING ACM (Pp.243\u2013256(2016)","DOI":"10.1145\/2973750.2973776"},{"issue":"2","key":"1230_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2557795","volume":"16","author":"H Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"H. Wang, D. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Ma, Y. Wang, S. Li, RT-fall: a real-time and contactless fall detection system with commodity wifi devices. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 16(2), 511\u2013526 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"1230_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Xiao, K. Wu, Y. Yi, et al., FIFS: Fine-Grained Indoor Fingerprinting System[C]\/\/Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), 2012 21st International Conference on. IEEE, 2012: 1-7.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2012.6289200"},{"key":"1230_CR16","unstructured":"H. Zhu, F. Xiao, L. Sun, R. Wang, P. Yang, R-TTWD: robust device-free through-the-wall detection of moving human with WiFi. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (99), 1\u20131 (2017)"},{"key":"1230_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Lv, W. Yang, L. Gong, D. Man, X. Du, Robust WLAN-Based Indoor Fine-Grained Intrusion Detection (IEEE Global Communications Conference, IEEE. pp. 1-6, 2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2016.7842238"},{"key":"1230_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Xie, L. Lin, Z. Jiang, W. Xi, K. Zhao, M. Ding, et al., Accelerating Crowdsourcing Based Indoor Localization Using CSI. IEEE, International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems IEEE (ICPADS). IEEE, (pp. 274-281)(2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS.2015.42"},{"key":"1230_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.S. Nanivadekar, U.D. Kolekar, An approach involving dynamic group search optimization for allocating resources in OFDM-based cognitive radio system. Alex. Eng. J. 57(1), 193-202, (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2016.10.001"},{"key":"1230_CR20","unstructured":"D. Wu, D. Zhang, C. Xu, et al., Device-Free WiFi Human Sensing: From Pattern-Based to Model-Based Approaches[J]. IEEE. Commun. Mag. 55(10), 91-97 (2017)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1230_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"S He","year":"2014","unstructured":"S. He, J. Chen, X. Li, X. Shen, Y. Sun, Mobility and intruder prior information improving the barrier coverage of sparse sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 13(6), 1\u20131 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR22","first-page":"763","volume":"66","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"X. Wang, L. Gao, S. Mao, S. Pandey, CSI-based fingerprinting for indoor localization: a deep learning approach. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 66(1), 763\u2013776 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"1230_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.274","volume":"25","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Z. Zhou, Z. Yang, C. Wu, L. Shangguan, Y. Liu, Omnidirectional coverage for device-free passive human detection. IEEE Transactions on Parallel & Distributed Systems 25(7), 1819\u20131829 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Parallel & Distributed Systems"},{"key":"1230_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Xiao, K. Wu, Y. Yi, L. Wang, L.M. Ni, Fimd: fine-grained device-free motion detection. 90(1), 229\u2013235 (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS.2012.40"},{"key":"1230_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Zhu, N. Pang, G. Li, S. Liu, NotiFi: A ubiquitous WiFi-based abnormal activity detection system. Neural Networks (IJCNN), 2017 International Joint Conference on. IEEE. 1766-1773 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2017.7966064"},{"key":"1230_CR26","unstructured":"S. Li, X. Li, K. Niu, H. Wang, Y. Zhang, D. Zhang, AR-Alarm: An Adaptive and Robust Intrusion Detection System Leveraging CSI from Commodity Wi-Fi. International Conference on Smart Homes and Health Telematics Springer. Cham. 10461, 211-223 (2017)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1230_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2015.01.013","volume":"69","author":"N Shrivastava","year":"2015","unstructured":"N. Shrivastava, A. Trivedi, Combined beamforming with space-time-frequency coding for MIMO\u2013OFDM systems. AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 69(6), 878\u2013883 (2015)","journal-title":"AEUE - International Journal of Electronics and Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"1230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2013.12.281","volume":"11","author":"HF Mahdi","year":"2013","unstructured":"H.F. Mahdi, M. Ismail, R. Nordin, Comparison of channel state information estimation using slm and clipping-based papr reduction methods. Procedia Technology 11(1), 955\u2013961 (2013)","journal-title":"Procedia Technology"},{"key":"1230_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Xu, Z. Jia, P. Chen, B. Wang, CSI-Based Autoencoder Classification for Wi-Fi Indoor Localization (IEEE Control and Decision Conference, 2016). IEEE, pp. 6523\u20136528","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC.2016.7532172"},{"key":"1230_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Zheng, C. Wu, K. Qian, Z. Yang, Y. Liu, Detecting Radio Frequency Interference for CSI Measurements on COTS WiFi Devices. ICC 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE, pp. 1\u20136). (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7997069"},{"key":"1230_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzur, A., Amrani, O., Wool, A. Direction finding of rogue Wi-Fi access points using an off-the-shelf MIMO\u2013OFDM receiver. Physical Communication, 17(C), 149\u2013164 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2015.08.010"},{"issue":"3","key":"1230_CR32","first-page":"72","volume":"1","author":"X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"X. Li, D. Zhang, Q. Lv, J. Xiong, S. Li, Y. Zhang, et al., IndoTrack: device-free indoor human tracking with commodity Wi-Fi. Proceedings of the Acm on Interactive Mobile Wearable & Ubiquitous Technologies 1(3), 72 (2017)","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Acm on Interactive Mobile Wearable & Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"1230_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Benlamri, M. Sparer, Leadership, Innovation and Entrepreneurship as Driving Forces of the Global Economy[M]. Springer. pp. 297-392 (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43434-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"1230_CR34","first-page":"321","volume":"16","author":"AI Alomari","year":"2015","unstructured":"A.I. Alomari, A. Gawanmeh, Challenges in formal methods for testing and verificationof cloud computing systems. Scalable Computing Practice & Experience 16(3), 321\u2013332 (2015)","journal-title":"Scalable Computing Practice & Experience"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR35","first-page":"291","volume":"18","author":"Z Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Z. Yang, J. Bhimani, J. Wang, D. Evans, N. Mi, Z. Yang, et al., Automatic and scalable data replication manager in distributed computation and storage infrastructure of cyber-physical systems. Scalable Computing 18(4), 291\u2013311 (2017)","journal-title":"Scalable Computing"},{"key":"1230_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Z. Yang, Y. Wang, J. Bhamini, C.C. Tan, N. Mi, EAD: elasticity aware deduplication manager for datacenters with multi-tier storage systems. Cluster Computing. (12), 1\u201319 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10586-018-2141-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-018-2141-z"},{"key":"1230_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Yang, J. Bhimani, Y. Yao, C.H. Lin, J. Wang, N. Mi, et al., AutoAdmin: automatic and dynamic resource reservation admission control in Hadoop YARN clusters. Scalable Computing. 19(1), 53-68 (2018)","DOI":"10.12694\/scpe.v19i1.1393"},{"key":"1230_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Hu, L. Li, A New Method Using Covariance Eigenvalues and Time Window in Passive Human Motion Detection Based on CSI Phases (IEEE In Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC-Beijing), 2017 IEEE 5th International Symposium, IEEE, 2017), pp 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMC-B.2017.8260358","DOI":"10.1109\/EMC-B.2017.8260358"},{"key":"1230_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Zhou, X. Lu, P. Zhao, J. Chen, Device-Free Presence Detection and Localization with SVM and CSI Fingerprinting. IEEE sensors J. 17(23), 7990-7999 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2762428"},{"key":"1230_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Liu, A. X., Shahzad, M., Ling, K., & Lu, S.. Understanding and Modeling of WiFi Signal Based Human Activity Recognition. International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking ACM (Pp.65\u201376) (2015)","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790093"},{"key":"1230_CR41","unstructured":"Y. Wang, K. Wu, L.M. Ni, WiFall: Device-Free Fall Detection by Wireless Networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing. IEEE. 16(2), 581-594 (2017)"},{"key":"1230_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639143","volume-title":"E-eyes: device-free location-oriented activity identification using fine-grained WiFi signatures","author":"Y Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, J., Chen, Y., Gruteser, M., Yang, J., & Liu, H.. E-eyes: device-free location-oriented activity identification using fine-grained WiFi signatures (2014)"},{"key":"1230_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. D. Domenico, G. Pecoraro, E. Cianea, M. D. Sanctis, Trained-Once Device-Free Crowd Counting and Occupancy Estimation Using WiFi: A Doppler Spectrum Based Approach. IEEE, International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, NETWORKING and Communications IEEE, pp. 1-8 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WiMOB.2016.7763227","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2016.7763227"},{"key":"1230_CR44","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"X Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"X. Zhou, T. Chen, D. Guo, X. Teng, B. Yuan, From one to crowd: a survey on crowdsourcing-based wireless indoor localization. Frontiers of Computer Science 1, 1\u201328 (2017)","journal-title":"Frontiers of Computer Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"1230_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2015.11.041","volume":"127","author":"A Bansal","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. Bansal, A.K. Kohli, Suppression of impulsive noise in ofdm system using imperfect channel state information. Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 127(4), 2111\u20132115 (2016)","journal-title":"Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics"},{"key":"1230_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Xie, Z. Li, M. Li, Precise Power Delay Profiling with Commodity WiFi. MobiCom '15 Proceedings of the 21st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, ACM. pp. 53-64 (2015)","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790124"},{"key":"1230_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Deng, S. Guan, X. Yue, X. Gu, J. Chen, J. Lv, et al., Energy-based sound source localization with low power consumption in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 64(6), 4894-4902 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2652394"},{"key":"1230_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Wu, C., Xing, J., Li, J., Yang, Z., & Yang, Q. Wi-Dog: Monitoring School Violence with Commodity WiFi Devices. Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60033-8_5"},{"issue":"9","key":"1230_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2655481","volume":"65","author":"P Mathecken","year":"2017","unstructured":"P. Mathecken, T. Riihonen, S. Werner, R. Wichman, Constrained phase noise estimation in ofdm using scattered pilots without decision feedback. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 65(9), 2348\u20132362 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-018-1230-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-018-1230-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-018-1230-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T18:53:05Z","timestamp":1751827985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-018-1230-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-018-1230-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"214"}}