{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T07:04:08Z","timestamp":1778396648949,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wireless data demands keep rising at a fast rate. In 2016, Cisco measured a global mobile data traffic volume of 7.2 Exabytes per month and projected a growth to 49 Exabytes per month in 2021. Wi-Fi plays an important role in this as well. Up to 60% of the total mobile traffic was off-loaded via Wi-Fi (and femtocells) in 2016. This is further expected to increase to 63% in 2021. In this publication, we look into the roll-out of<jats:italic>public<\/jats:italic>Wi-Fi networks, public meaning in a public or semi-public place (pubs, restaurants, sport stadiums, etc.). More concretely we look into the collaboration between two parties, a technical party and a venue owner, for the roll-out of a new Wi-Fi network. The technical party is interested in reducing load on its mobile network and generating additional direct revenues, while the venue owner wants to improve the attractiveness of the venue and consequentially generate additional indirect revenues. Three Wi-Fi pricing models are considered: entirely free, slow access with ads or fast access via paid access (freemium), and paid access only (premium). The technical party prefers a premium model with high direct revenues, the venue owner a free\/freemium model which is attractive to its customers, meaning both parties have conflicting interests. This conflict has been modeled using non-cooperative game theory incorporating detailed cost and revenue models for all three Wi-Fi pricing models. The initial outcome of the game is a premium Wi-Fi network, which is not the optimal solution from an outsider\u2019s perspective as a freemium network yields highest total payoffs. By introducing an additional compensation scheme which corresponds with negotiation in real life, the outcome of the game is steered toward a freemium solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1562-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T20:28:08Z","timestamp":1572467288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Modeling the relationship between network operators and venue owners in public Wi-Fi deployment using non-cooperative game theory"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0571-6521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Spruytte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Benhamiche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Chardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Verbrugge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Colle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1562_CR1","unstructured":"Cisco, \"Cisco VNI Mobile Forecast (2016\u20132021),\" 06 February 2017. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/solutions\/collateral\/service-provider\/visual-networking-index-vni\/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.html . [Accessed 07 Feb 2017]"},{"issue":"3","key":"1562_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2006.60","volume":"10","author":"J Gibbons","year":"2006","unstructured":"J. Gibbons, S. Ruth, Municipal Wi-Fi: big wave or wipeout? IEEE Internet Comput. 10(3), 66\u201371 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"1562_CR3","volume-title":"To Be or Not to Be: A Comparative Study of City-Wide Municipal Wifi in the US","author":"MB Weiss","year":"2007","unstructured":"M.B. Weiss, K. Huang, To Be or Not to Be: A Comparative Study of City-Wide Municipal Wifi in the US (2007)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1562_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444808096247","volume":"10","author":"KN Hampton","year":"2008","unstructured":"K.N. Hampton, N. Gupta, Community and social interaction in the wireless city: wi-fi use in public and semi-public spaces. New Media Soc. 10(6), 831\u2013850 (2008)","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"key":"1562_CR5","first-page":"107","volume":"61","author":"F Bar","year":"2005","unstructured":"F. Bar, N. Park, Municipal Wi-Fi networks: the goals, practices, and policy implications of the US case. Commun. Strateg. 61, 107\u2013126 (2005)","journal-title":"Commun. Strateg."},{"key":"1562_CR6","volume-title":"An Overview of Different Business Models for Public Wi-Fi and their Implications on Indirect Revenue","author":"TW Kaiser","year":"2017","unstructured":"T.W. Kaiser, S. Verbrugge, M. Van der Wee, D. Colle, An Overview of Different Business Models for Public Wi-Fi and their Implications on Indirect Revenue (2017)"},{"key":"1562_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Freeman, in E-Government Success Around the World: Cases, Empirical Studies, and Practical Recommendations (pp. 235-258). Local e-government and citizen participation: Case studies from Australia and Italy (IGI Global, 2013)","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-4173-0.ch012"},{"key":"1562_CR8","unstructured":"European Commission, \"WiFi4EU - Free Wi-Fi for Europeans,\" 31 January 2018. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/digital-single-market\/en\/policies\/wifi4eu-free-wi-fi-europeans . [Accessed 5 Feb 2018]"},{"issue":"3","key":"1562_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2307\/3027092","volume":"14","author":"AW Tucker","year":"1983","unstructured":"A.W. Tucker, P.D. Straffin Jr., The mathematics of Tucker: a sampler. Two-Year Coll. Math. J. 14(3), 228\u2013232 (1983)","journal-title":"Two-Year Coll. Math. J."},{"key":"1562_CR10","unstructured":"A. Rapoport, A.M. Chammah, C.J. Orwant, Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma: A Study in Conflict and Cooperation, vol 165 (University of Michigan press, 1965)"},{"key":"1562_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Han, D. Niyato, W. Saad, T. Ba\u015far, A. Hj\u00f8rungnes, Game Theory in Wireless and Communication Networks: Theory, Models, and Applications (Cambridge University Press, 2012)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511895043"},{"issue":"10","key":"1562_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3437","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3437","volume":"29","author":"X Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"X. Chen, Y. Chen, W. Liao, Z. Zhou, B. Gu, X. Wang, Optimal pricing strategy for resource allocation in 5G heterogeneous cellular networks. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 29(10), e3437 (2018)","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"issue":"18","key":"1562_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.06.020","volume":"54","author":"DE Charilas","year":"2010","unstructured":"D.E. Charilas, A.D. Panagopoulos, A survey on game theory applications in wireless networks. Comput. Netw. 54(18), 3421\u20133430 (2010)","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"issue":"7","key":"1562_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5384","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2464322","volume":"65","author":"AY Al-Zahrani","year":"2016","unstructured":"A.Y. Al-Zahrani, F.R. Yu, An energy-efficient resource allocation and interference management scheme in green heterogeneous networks using game theory. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 65(7), 5384\u20135396 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"1562_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.4304\/jnw.8.3.712-722","volume":"8","author":"Q Ni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Q. Ni, R. Zhu, Z. Wu, Y. Sun, L. Zhou, B. Zhou, Spectrum allocation based on game theory in cognitive radio networks. JNW 8(3), 712\u2013722 (2013)","journal-title":"JNW"},{"key":"1562_CR16","unstructured":"Z. Fang, B. Bensaou, in IEEE infocom. Fair bandwidth sharing algorithms based on game theory frameworks for wireless ad hoc networks, vol 2 (INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS INC (IEEE), 2004), pp. 1284-1295"},{"key":"1562_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen-Vuong, Q. T., Ghamri-Doudane, Y., & Agoulmine, N. (2008). On utility models for access network selection in wireless heterogeneous networks. In Network Operations and Management Symposium, 2008. NOMS 2008. IEEE (pp. 144-151).","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS.2008.4575128"},{"key":"1562_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14347","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2777829","volume":"6","author":"L Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"L. Yang, W. Lou, Evolution and competition, a game theoretical analysis of heterogeneous wireless networks in unlicensed spectrum. IEEE Access 6, 14347\u201314356 (2018)","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"5","key":"1562_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2007.358861","volume":"45","author":"Dusit Niyato","year":"2007","unstructured":"D. Niyato, E. Hossain, Wireless broadband access: wimax and beyond-integration of wimax and wifi: optimal pricing for bandwidth sharing. IEEE Commun. Mag. 45(5), 140\u2013146 (2007)","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"issue":"6","key":"1562_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6525594","volume":"51","author":"M Bennis","year":"2013","unstructured":"M. Bennis, M. Simsek, A. Czylwik, W. Saad, S. Valentin, M. Debbah, When cellular meets WiFi in wireless small cell networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 51(6), 44\u201350 (2013)","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"5","key":"1562_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMC.2010.034938","volume":"8","author":"S Shin","year":"2010","unstructured":"S. Shin, M.B. Weiss, Analysis of mobile broadband competition: 3G vs. WiFi. Int. J. Mob. Commun. 8(5), 586\u2013601 (2010)","journal-title":"Int. J. Mob. Commun."},{"key":"1562_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Cai, L. Duan, J. Wang, S. Zhou, R. Zhang, in Communications (ICC), 2015 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 3388-3393). Incentive mechanism design for delayed WiFi offloading (IEEE, 2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7248848"},{"issue":"7","key":"1562_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2513399","volume":"17","author":"N Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"N. Cheng, N. Lu, N. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.S. Shen, J.W. Mark, Opportunistic WiFi offloading in vehicular environment: a game-theory approach. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 17(7), 1944\u20131955 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"1562_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Hamidouche, W. Saad, M. Debbah, in Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks (WiOpt), 2014 12th International Symposium on (pp. 569-574). Many-to-many matching games for proactive social-caching in wireless small cell networks (IEEE, 2014)","DOI":"10.1109\/WIOPT.2014.6850348"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"1562_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2011.06.007","volume":"35","author":"M Tahon","year":"2011","unstructured":"M. Tahon, B. Lannoo, J. Van Ooteghem, K. Casier, S. Verbrugge, D. Colle, et al., Municipal support of wireless access network rollout: a game theoretic approach. Telecommun. Policy 35(9\u201310), 883\u2013894 (2011)","journal-title":"Telecommun. Policy"},{"key":"1562_CR26","unstructured":"E.C. Efstathiou, G.C. Polyzos, in World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks, 2005. WoWMoM 2005. Sixth IEEE International Symposium on a (pp. 502-506). A self-managed scheme for free citywide wi-fi (IEEE, 2005)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1562_CR27","first-page":"282","volume":"6","author":"S Shin","year":"2009","unstructured":"S. Shin, J.E. Tucci, A study of e-government infrastructure through WiFi implementation: strategic pricing to recover costs. Electron. Gov Int. J. 6(3), 282\u2013294 (2009)","journal-title":"Electron. Gov Int. J."},{"key":"1562_CR28","volume-title":"IFIP Networking 2018","author":"B Khalifa","year":"2018","unstructured":"B. Khalifa, A. Benhamiche, A. Simonian, M. Bouillon, in IFIP Networking 2018. Profit and strategic analysis for MNO-MVNO partnership (2018)"},{"key":"1562_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.P. Shim, S. Shin, M.B. Weiss, in Wireless Telecommunications Symposium, 2007. WTS 2007 (pp. 1-6). Wireless internet competition: Municipal wireless vs. 3G mobile service (IEEE, 2007, April)","DOI":"10.1109\/WTS.2007.4563309"},{"issue":"4","key":"1562_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2017.2675944","volume":"25","author":"H Yu","year":"2017","unstructured":"H. Yu, M.H. Cheung, L. Gao, J. Huang, Public Wi-Fi monetization via advertising. IEEE\/ACM Tran. Netw. 25(4), 2110\u20132121 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Tran. Netw."},{"issue":"2","key":"1562_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2307\/1969529","volume":"54","author":"John Nash","year":"1951","unstructured":"Nash, J. (1951). Non-cooperative games. Annals of Mathematics, 54(2), second series, 286-295. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1969529","journal-title":"The Annals of Mathematics"},{"key":"1562_CR32","unstructured":"Pareto, V., & Schwier, A. S. (1927). Manual of Political Economy Tr. by Ann S. Schwier. Macmillan, London"},{"issue":"3","key":"1562_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2013.12.006","volume":"39","author":"M Van der Wee","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. Van der Wee, S. Verbrugge, B. Sadowski, M. Driesse, M. Pickavet, Identifying and quantifying the indirect benefits of broadband networks for e-government and e-business: a bottom-up approach. Telecommun. Policy 39(3), 176\u2013191 (2015)","journal-title":"Telecommun. Policy"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-019-1562-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-019-1562-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-019-1562-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:56:09Z","timestamp":1664758569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-019-1562-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-019-1562-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"243"}}