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In this paper, we propose a novel detector tailored to MM-OFDM-IM based on the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to further improve the detection performance. The idea is to first select the signal constellation points candidates for any given mode permutation by applying the EM algorithm and then determine the most-likely mode permutation as well as the associated signal constellation points by minimizing the Euclidean distance. The effectiveness of the EM detector has been verified in terms of bit error rate (BER) performance by Monte Carlo simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-01676-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T11:02:50Z","timestamp":1583838170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A novel detector based on EM algorithm for multiple-mode OFDM with index modulation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Qing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0231-2978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miaowen","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fangjiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1676_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51355-3","volume-title":"Index modulation for 5G wireless communications","author":"M. 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