{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:41:45Z","timestamp":1787020905161,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The open and shared nature of the Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) protocol makes its messages extremely vulnerable to various security threats, such as jamming, modification, and injection. This paper proposes a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based ADS-B spoofing attack detection method from the perspective of data. First, the message sequence is preprocessed in the form of a sliding window, and then, an LSTM network is used to perform prediction training on the windows. Finally, the residual set of predicted values and true values is calculated to set a threshold. As a result, we can detect a spoofing attack and further identify which feature was attacked. Experiments show that this method can effectively detect 10 different kinds of simulated manipulated ADS-B messages without further increasing the complexity of airborne applications. Therefore, the method can respond well to the security threats suffered by the ADS-B system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-01756-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T07:03:19Z","timestamp":1597215799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["ADS-B spoofing attack detection method based on LSTM"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2020","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2399-1532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunkai","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1756_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2015.2511764","volume":"8","author":"L. Qi","year":"2020","unstructured":"L. Qi, W. Dou, C. Hu, Y. Zhou, J. Yu, A context-aware service evaluation approach over big data for cloud applications. IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput.8(2), 338\u2013348 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"1756_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Zhong, X. Yin, X. Zhang, S. Li, W. Dou, R. Wang, L. Qi, Multi-dimensional quality-driven service recommendation with privacy-preservation in mobile edge environment. Comput Commun. 157:, 116\u2013123.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.04.018"},{"issue":"4","key":"1756_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2944007","volume":"7","author":"X. Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"X. Xu, C. He, Z. Xu, L. Qi, S. Wan, M. Z. A. Bhuiyan, Joint optimization of offloading utility and privacy for edge computing enabled iot. IEEE Internet Things J.7(4), 2622\u20132629 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"1756_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.12.055","volume":"95","author":"X. Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"X. Xu, Q. Liu, Y. Luo, K. Peng, X. Zhang, S. Meng, L. Qi, A computation offloading method over big data for iot-enabled cloud-edge computing. Future Gener. Comput. Syst.95:, 522\u2013533 (2019).","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"1756_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, C. Yin, Q. Wu, Q. He, H. Zhu, Location-aware deep collaborative filtering for service recommendation. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst. (TSMC), 1\u201312 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSMC.2019.2931723.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2019.2931723"},{"key":"1756_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, G. Cui, S. Deng, F. Chen, Y. Wang, Q. He, Efficient query of quality correlation for service composition. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput., 1\u201314 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSC.2018.2830773.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2018.2830773"},{"issue":"6","key":"1756_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2936869","volume":"16","author":"X. Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"X. Xu, X. Zhang, H. Gao, Y. Xue, L. Qi, W. Dou, Become: blockchain-enabled computation offloading for iot in mobile edge computing. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform.16(6), 4187\u20134195 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"1756_CR8","unstructured":"A. Costin, A. Francillon, in BLACKHAT 2012, July 21-26, 2012, Las Vegas, NV, USA. Ghost in the air (traffic): on insecurity of ads-b protocol and practical attacks on ads-b devices (Las Vegas, ETATS-UNIS, 2012), pp. 1\u201312. http:\/\/www.eurecom.fr\/publication\/3788."},{"key":"1756_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38980-1_16","volume-title":"International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security","author":"M. Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2013","unstructured":"M. Sch\u00e4fer, V. Lenders, I. Martinovic, in International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security. Experimental analysis of attacks on next generation air traffic communication (SpringerBerlin, 2013), pp. 253\u2013271."},{"issue":"5-6","key":"1756_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2005.06.042","volume":"18","author":"A. Graves","year":"2005","unstructured":"A. Graves, J. Schmidhuber, Framewise phoneme classification with bidirectional lstm and other neural network architectures. Neural Netw.18(5-6), 602\u2013610 (2005).","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"1756_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, K. Wang, Q. He, F. Chen, S. Deng, Z. Zheng, Y. Yang, Covering-based web service quality prediction via neighborhood-aware matrix factorization. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput., 1\u201312 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TSC.2019.2891517.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2019.2891517"},{"issue":"1","key":"1756_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-015-0498-8","volume":"2019","author":"H. Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"H. Liu, H. Kou, C. Yan, L. Qi, Link prediction in paper citation network to construct paper correlation graph. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw.2019(1), 1\u201312 (2019).","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"1756_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.04.004","volume":"106","author":"T. -Y. Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"T. -Y. Kim, S. -B. Cho, Web traffic anomaly detection using c-lstm neural networks. Expert Syst. Appl.106:, 66\u201376 (2018).","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"1756_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.07.004","volume":"78","author":"E. Habler","year":"2018","unstructured":"E. Habler, A. Shabtai, Using lstm encoder-decoder algorithm for detecting anomalous ads-b messages. Comput. Secur.78:, 155\u2013173 (2018).","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"issue":"11","key":"1756_CR15","first-page":"167","volume":"40","author":"J. Ding","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Ding, Y. Zou, J. Wang, H. Wang, Ads-b anomaly data detection model based on deep learning. Acta Aeronaut. et Astronaut. Sin.40(11), 167\u2013177 (2019).","journal-title":"Acta Aeronaut. et Astronaut. Sin."},{"issue":"1","key":"1756_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcip.2013.02.001","volume":"6","author":"C. Finke","year":"2013","unstructured":"C. Finke, J. Butts, R. Mills, M. Grimaila, Enhancing the security of aircraft surveillance in the next generation air traffic control system. Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Protect.6(1), 3\u201311 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Protect."},{"issue":"3","key":"1756_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2586301","volume":"18","author":"J. Baek","year":"2016","unstructured":"J. Baek, E. Hableel, Y. -J. Byon, D. S. Wong, K. Jang, H. Yeo, How to protect ads-b: confidentiality framework and efficient realization based on staged identity-based encryption. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst.18(3), 690\u2013700 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"1756_CR18","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2015 Integrated Communication, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","author":"T. Kacem","year":"2015","unstructured":"T. Kacem, D. Wijesekera, P. Costa, J. Carvalho, M. Monteiro, A. Barreto, in 2015 Integrated Communication, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS). Key distribution mechanism in secure ads-b networks (IEEEHerndon, 2015), pp. 1\u201313."},{"key":"1756_CR19","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2012 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference","author":"J. Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"J. Johnson, H. Neufeldt, J. Beyer, in 2012 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference. Wide area multilateration and ads-b proves resilient in Afghanistan (IEEEHerndon, 2012), pp. 1\u20138."},{"issue":"11","key":"1756_CR20","first-page":"1784","volume":"35","author":"W. Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"W. Wang, W. Li, D. Lu, Ads-b spoofing detection method using tdoa correlation coefficient. J. Sig. Process.35(11), 1784\u20131790 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Sig. Process."},{"key":"1756_CR21","first-page":"727","volume-title":"2012 15th International Conference on Information Fusion","author":"R. Kaune","year":"2012","unstructured":"R. Kaune, C. Steffes, S. Rau, W. Konle, J. Pagel, in 2012 15th International Conference on Information Fusion. Wide area multilateration using ads-b transponder signals (IEEESingapore, 2012), pp. 727\u2013734."},{"issue":"3","key":"1756_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2797760","volume":"54","author":"M. Strohmeier","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. Strohmeier, I. Martinovic, V. Lenders, A k-nn-based localization approach for crowdsourced air traffic communication networks. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.54(3), 1519\u20131529 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"1756_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMA.2017.8273485","volume-title":"2017 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA)","author":"J. Naganawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Naganawa, H. Tajima, H. Miyazaki, T. Koga, C. Chomel, in 2017 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA). Ads-b anti-spoofing performance of monopulse technique with sector antennas (IEEETsukuba, 2017), pp. 87\u201390."},{"issue":"6","key":"1756_CR24","first-page":"722","volume":"34","author":"L. Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"L. Chen, R. Wu, Ads-b spoofing detection method using Doppler effect. J. Sig. Process.34(6), 722\u2013728 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Sig. Process."},{"key":"1756_CR25","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2015 Integrated Communication, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS)","author":"W. Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"W. Wang, G. Chen, R. Wu, D. Lu, L. Wang, in 2015 Integrated Communication, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS). A low-complexity spoofing detection and suppression approach for ads-b (IEEEHerndon, 2015), pp. 1\u20138."},{"key":"1756_CR26","unstructured":"R. S. Committee, et al., Minimum aviation system performance standards for automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ads-b). Technical report, RTCA, Washington DC (1998)."},{"issue":"2","key":"1756_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2365951","volume":"17","author":"M. Strohmeier","year":"2014","unstructured":"M. Strohmeier, V. Lenders, I. Martinovic, On the security of the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast protocol. IEEE Comput. Surv. Tutorials. 17(2), 1066\u20131087 (2014).","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"1756_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcip.2017.10.002","volume":"19","author":"M. R. Manesh","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. R. Manesh, N. Kaabouch, Analysis of vulnerabilities, attacks, countermeasures and overall risk of the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ads-b) system. Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Protect.19:, 16\u201331 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Protect."},{"issue":"3","key":"1756_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2043621.2043627","volume":"14","author":"E. Chan-Tin","year":"2011","unstructured":"E. Chan-Tin, V. Heorhiadi, N. Hopper, Y. Kim, The frog-boiling attack: Limitations of secure network coordinate systems. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur. (TISSEC). 14(3), 1\u201323 (2011).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur. (TISSEC)"},{"issue":"10","key":"1756_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205029","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205029","volume":"13","author":"J. Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Sun, H. V\u00fb, J. Ellerbroek, J. M. Hoekstra, Weather field reconstruction using aircraft surveillance data and a novel meteo-particle model. PloS ONE. 13(10), e0205029 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0205029.","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"1756_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46926","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2866641","volume":"6","author":"L. Qi","year":"2018","unstructured":"L. Qi, W. Dou, W. Wang, G. Li, H. Yu, S. Wan, Dynamic mobile crowdsourcing selection for electricity load forecasting. IEEE Access. 6:, 46926\u201346937 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"1756_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2018.2797760","volume":"54","author":"M. Strohmeier","year":"2016","unstructured":"M. Strohmeier, V. Lenders, I. Martinovic, A k-NN-Based localization approach for Crowdsourced Air Traffic Communication Networks. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 54(3), 1519\u20131529 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAES.2018.2797760..","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01756-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01756-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01756-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T12:36:35Z","timestamp":1667738195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01756-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01756-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-19635\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"160"}}