{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T08:05:48Z","timestamp":1782288348622,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","award":["JCYJ20180306170932431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20180306170932431"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2016YFC1400203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1400203"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61771394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61771394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61531015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61531015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61801394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of Ch","award":["2018JM6042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018JM6042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The increasing demand for exploring and managing the vast marine resources of the planet has underscored the importance of research on advanced underwater acoustic communication (UAC) technologies. However, owing to the severe characteristics of the oceanic environment, underwater acoustic (UWA) propagation experiences nearly the harshest wireless channels in nature. This article resorts to the perspective of machine learning (ML) to cope with the major challenges of adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) design in UACs. First, we present an ML AMC framework for UACs. Then, we propose an attention-aided <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>-nearest neighbor (A-<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>NN) algorithm with simplicity and robustness, based on which an ML AMC approach is designed with immunity to channel modeling uncertainty. Leveraging its online learning ability, such A-<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>NN-based AMC classifier offers salient capabilities of both sustainable self-enhancement and broad applicability to various operation scenarios. Next, aiming at higher implementation efficiency, we take strategies of complexity reduction and present a dimensionality-reduced and data-clustered A-<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>NN (DRDC-A-<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>NN) AMC classifier. Finally, we demonstrate that these proposed ML approaches have superior performance over traditional model-based methods by simulations using actual data collected from three lake experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-01818-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T05:02:43Z","timestamp":1602910963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Adaptive modulation and coding in underwater acoustic communications: a machine learning perspective"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8728-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qunfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengbing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1818_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004","volume":"3","author":"I. F. Akyildiz","year":"2005","unstructured":"I. F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, T. Melodia, Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges. Ad Hoc Netw.3(3), 257\u2013279 (2005).","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"issue":"4","key":"1818_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1109\/48.895356","volume":"25","author":"M. Badiey","year":"2000","unstructured":"M. Badiey, Y. Mu, J. A. Simmen, S. E. Forsythe, Signal variability in shallow-water sound channels. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.25(4), 492\u2013500 (2000).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Oceanic Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"1818_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.4752682","volume":"47","author":"M. Stojanovic","year":"2009","unstructured":"M. Stojanovic, J. Preisig, Underwater acoustic communication channels: propagation models and statistical characterization. IEEE Commun. Mag.47(1), 84\u201389 (2009).","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"2","key":"1818_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2828055","volume":"123","author":"A. Song","year":"2008","unstructured":"A. Song, M. Badiey, H. Song, W. S. Hodgkiss, M. B. Porter, the KauaiEx Group Impact of ocean variability on coherent underwater acoustic communications during the Kauai experiment (KauaiEx). J. Acoust. Soc. Am.123(2), 856\u2013865 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"1818_CR5","first-page":"1","volume-title":"OCEANS 2008","author":"M. Chitre","year":"2008","unstructured":"M. Chitre, S. Shahabudeen, L. Freitag, M. Stojanovic, in OCEANS 2008. Recent advances in underwater acoustic communications & networking (IEEEQuebec City, 2008), pp. 1\u201310."},{"issue":"1","key":"1818_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1968.1089811","volume":"16","author":"J. Hayes","year":"1968","unstructured":"J. Hayes, Adaptive feedback communications. IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol.16(1), 29\u201334 (1968).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"1818_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1049\/ecej:19920032","volume":"4","author":"W. T. Webb","year":"1992","unstructured":"W. T. Webb, QAM: the modulation scheme for future mobile radio communications?. Electron. & Commun. Eng. J.4(4), 167\u2013176 (1992).","journal-title":"Electron. & Commun. Eng. J."},{"issue":"7","key":"1818_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1109\/26.392965","volume":"43","author":"W. Webb","year":"1995","unstructured":"W. Webb, R. Steele, Variable rate QAM for mobile radio. IEEE Trans. Commun.43(7), 2223\u20132230 (1995).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"1818_CR9","first-page":"241","volume-title":"2016 IEEE Int\u2019l Conf. Recent Trends in Electron., Inform. & Commun. Technol. (RTEICT)","author":"M. Rajesh","year":"2016","unstructured":"M. Rajesh, B. Shrisha, N. Rao, H. Kumaraswamy, in 2016 IEEE Int\u2019l Conf. Recent Trends in Electron., Inform. & Commun. Technol. (RTEICT). An analysis of BER comparison of various digital modulation schemes used for adaptive modulation (IEEEBangalore, 2016), pp. 241\u2013245."},{"issue":"12","key":"1818_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2007.904442","volume":"95","author":"A. Svensson","year":"2007","unstructured":"A. Svensson, An introduction to adaptive QAM modulation schemes for known and predicted channels. P. IEEE.95(12), 2322\u20132336 (2007).","journal-title":"P. IEEE."},{"issue":"9","key":"1818_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2214410","volume":"61","author":"Y. Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Y. Yang, H. Ma, S. Aissa, Cross-layer combining of adaptive modulation and truncated ARQ under cognitive radio resource requirements. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.61(9), 4020\u20134030 (2012).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"1818_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52288","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908768","volume":"7","author":"K. -H. Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"K. -H. Park, M. A. Imran, P. Casari, H. Kulhandjian, H. Chen, A. Abdi, F. Dalgleish, IEEE Access special section editorial: underwater wireless communications and networking. IEEE Access.7:, 52288\u201352294 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"1818_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2000.881770","volume-title":"OCEANS 2000 MTS\/IEEE Conf. and Exhibition. Conf. Proc. (Cat. No. 00CH37158)","author":"A. Benson","year":"2000","unstructured":"A. Benson, J. Proakis, M. Stojanovic, in OCEANS 2000 MTS\/IEEE Conf. and Exhibition. Conf. Proc. (Cat. No. 00CH37158), 2. Towards robust adaptive acoustic communications (IEEEProvidence, 2000), pp. 1243\u20131249."},{"issue":"2","key":"1818_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2014.2323365","volume":"40","author":"L. Wan","year":"2015","unstructured":"L. Wan, H. Zhou, X. Xu, Y. Huang, S. Zhou, Z. Shi, J. -H. Cui, Adaptive modulation and coding for underwater acoustic OFDM. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.40(2), 327\u2013336 (2015).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Oceanic Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"1818_CR15","first-page":"147","volume":"25","author":"X. Shen","year":"2007","unstructured":"X. Shen, J. Huang, Q. Zhang, C. He, Achieving high speed UWA communication with adaptive MOMC technology. J. Northwestern polytechnical university.25(1), 147 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Northwestern polytechnical university."},{"key":"1818_CR16","unstructured":"M. J. Er, Y. Zhou, Theory and Novel Applications of Machine Learning (IntechOpen, 2009)."},{"key":"1818_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Ye, G. Y. Li, B. -H. Juang, IEEE Wirel. Commun. Le.7(1), 114\u2013117 (2018).","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2757490"},{"issue":"1","key":"1818_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2018.2848960","volume":"7","author":"C. Luo","year":"2018","unstructured":"C. Luo, J. Ji, Q. Wang, X. Chen, P. Li, Channel state information prediction for 5G wireless communications: a deep learning approach. IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng.7(1), 227\u2013236 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"1818_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2971001","volume":"69","author":"Y. Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y. Wang, J. Yang, M. Liu, G. Gui, Lightamc: lightweight automatic modulation classification using deep learning and compressive sensing. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.69(3), 3491\u20133495 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"1818_CR20","first-page":"381","volume-title":"2010 IEEE Int\u2019l Symp. Model., Anal. and Simul. of Comput. and Telecommun. Syst","author":"T. Hu","year":"2010","unstructured":"T. Hu, Y. Fei, in 2010 IEEE Int\u2019l Symp. Model., Anal. and Simul. of Comput. and Telecommun. Syst. An adaptive and energy-efficient routing protocol based on machine learning for underwater delay tolerant networks (IEEEMiami Beach, 2010), pp. 381\u2013384."},{"key":"1818_CR21","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2016 IEEE Third Underwater Commun. and Netw. Conf. (UComms)","author":"K. Pelekanakis","year":"2016","unstructured":"K. Pelekanakis, L. Cazzanti, G. Zappa, J. Alves, in 2016 IEEE Third Underwater Commun. and Netw. Conf. (UComms). Decision tree-based adaptive modulation for underwater acoustic communications (IEEELerici, 2016), pp. 1\u20135."},{"key":"1818_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2784239","volume":"6","author":"C. Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"C. Wang, Z. Wang, W. Sun, D. R. Fuhrmann, Reinforcement learning-based adaptive transmission in time-varying underwater acoustic channels. IEEE Access.6:, 2541\u20132558 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"issue":"1958","key":"1818_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0214","volume":"370","author":"J. Heidemann","year":"2012","unstructured":"J. Heidemann, M. Stojanovic, M. Zorzi, Underwater sensor networks: applications, advances and challenges. Philos. T. R. Soc. A. 370(1958), 158\u2013175 (2012).","journal-title":"Philos. T. R. Soc. A"},{"issue":"6","key":"1818_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1121\/1.384448","volume":"67","author":"L. R. LeBlanc","year":"1980","unstructured":"L. R. LeBlanc, F. H. Middleton, An underwater acoustic sound velocity data model. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.67(6), 2055\u20132062 (1980).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"1818_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Ahmed, M. Younis, in 2017 IEEE Int\u2019l Conf. Commun. (ICC). Distributed real-time sound speed profiling in underwater environments (Paris, 2017), pp. 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7997485"},{"issue":"5","key":"1818_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1109\/26.668727","volume":"46","author":"A. J. Goldsmith","year":"1998","unstructured":"A. J. Goldsmith, S. -G. Chua, Adaptive coded modulation for fading channels. IEEE Trans. Commun.46(5), 595\u2013602 (1998).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"1818_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Huang, L. Zhang, Y. Wang, Q. Zhang, in 2019 IEEE International Conference on Signal, Information and Data Processing (ICSIDP), Chongqing, China. A Two-dimensional Strategy of Adaptive Modulation and Coding for Underwater Acoustic Communication Systems, (2019), pp. 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSIDP47821.2019.9173221"},{"key":"1818_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2005.1506241","volume-title":"IEEE 6th Workshop on Signal Process. Adv. in Wirel. Commun., 2005.","author":"A. Misra","year":"2005","unstructured":"A. Misra, V. Krishnamurthy, S. Schober, in IEEE 6th Workshop on Signal Process. Adv. in Wirel. Commun., 2005.Stochastic learning algorithms for adaptive modulation (IEEENew York, 2005), pp. 756\u2013760."},{"key":"1818_CR29","volume-title":"Pattern recognition and machine learning (information science and statistics)","author":"C. M. Biship","year":"2006","unstructured":"C. M. Biship, Pattern recognition and machine learning (information science and statistics) (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., New York, 2006)."},{"key":"1818_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2020.00029","volume":"14","author":"G. W. Lindsay","year":"2020","unstructured":"G. W. Lindsay, Attention in psychology, neuroscience, and machine learning. Front. Comput. Neurosc.14:, 29 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosc."},{"key":"1818_CR31","first-page":"1412","volume-title":"P. 2015 Conf. Empir. Methods in Nat. Lang. Process. (emnlp)","author":"M. Luong","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. Luong, H. Pham, C. D. Manning, in P. 2015 Conf. Empir. Methods in Nat. Lang. Process. (emnlp). Effective approaches to attention-based neural machine translation (ACLLisbon, 2015), pp. 1412\u20131421."},{"issue":"4","key":"1818_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2887191","volume":"67","author":"J. Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Han, L. Zhang, Q. Zhang, G. Leus, Low-complexity equalization of orthogonal signal-division multiplexing in doubly-selective channels. IEEE Trans. Signal Proces.67(4), 915\u2013929 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Proces."},{"issue":"1","key":"1818_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5087131","volume":"145","author":"J. Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Han, Y. Wang, L. Zhang, G. Leus, Time-domain oversampled orthogonal signal-division multiplexing underwater acoustic communications. J. Acoust. Soc. Am.145(1), 292\u2013300 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"1818_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2017.2787898","volume":"44","author":"J. Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Han, S. P. Chepuri, Q. Zhang, G. Leus, Iterative per-vector equalization for orthogonal signal-division multiplexing over time-varying underwater acoustic channels. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.44(1), 240\u2013255 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Oceanic Eng."},{"key":"1818_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2000.886662","volume-title":"Veh. Technol. Conf. Fall 2000. IEEE VTS Fall VTC2000. 52nd Veh. Technol. Conf. (Cat. No. 00CH37152)","author":"R. Sinha","year":"2000","unstructured":"R. Sinha, R. D. Yates, in Veh. Technol. Conf. Fall 2000. IEEE VTS Fall VTC2000. 52nd Veh. Technol. Conf. (Cat. No. 00CH37152), 1. An OFDM based multicarrier MFSK system (IEEEBoston, 2000), pp. 257\u2013264."},{"key":"1818_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4897","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.556-562.4897","volume":"556","author":"C. X. Gao","year":"2014","unstructured":"C. X. Gao, H. X. Yang, F. Yuan, E. Cheng, Underwater acoustic communication system based on MC-MFSK. Appl. Mech. and Mater. 556:, 4897\u20134900 (2014). Trans Tech Publ.","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. and Mater"},{"key":"1818_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-49257-7_15","volume-title":"Int\u2019l Conf. Database Theory","author":"K. Beyer","year":"1999","unstructured":"K. Beyer, J. Goldstein, R. Ramakrishnan, U. Shaft, in Int\u2019l Conf. Database Theory. When is \u201cnearest neighbor\u201d meaningful? (SpringerBerlin, 1999), pp. 217\u2013235."},{"issue":"2","key":"1818_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1198\/106186006X113430","volume":"15","author":"H. Zou","year":"2006","unstructured":"H. Zou, T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, Sparse principal component analysis. J. Comput. Graph. Stat.15(2), 265\u2013286 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Graph. Stat."},{"key":"1818_CR39","first-page":"1","volume-title":"P. the 11th ACM Int\u2019l Conf. Underwater Netw. & Syst","author":"T. Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"T. Yang, S. Huang, in P. the 11th ACM Int\u2019l Conf. Underwater Netw. & Syst. Building a database of ocean channel impulse responses for underwater acoustic communication performance evaluation: issues, requirements, methods and results (ACMShanghai, 2016), pp. 1\u20138."},{"issue":"8","key":"1818_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2019.2912815","volume":"32","author":"T. T. Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"T. T. Wong, P. Y. Yeh, Reliable accuracy estimates from k-fold cross validation. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data En.32(8), 1586\u20131594 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data En."},{"issue":"6","key":"1818_CR41","first-page":"90","volume":"1","author":"T. M. Kodinariya","year":"2013","unstructured":"T. M. Kodinariya, P. R. Makwana, Review on determining number of cluster in k-means clustering. Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Sci. Manage. Stud. 1(6), 90\u201395 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Sci. Manage. Stud."}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01818-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01818-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01818-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T23:47:19Z","timestamp":1634428039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01818-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01818-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"203"}}