{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T18:28:28Z","timestamp":1778869708435,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Social Science Foundation Program","award":["16BGL193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16BGL193"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wireless Com Network"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Due to the unguaranteed connectivity, wireless sensor networks based on delay tolerant network (DTN) are typically characterized by the opportunistic forwarding mechanism in transmission. Such a mechanism requires nodes to participate in forwarding messages actively. However, when the mechanism is used in the real world, selfish nodes will exhibit some non-cooperation behaviors. Therefore, some incentive mechanism may be designed to encourage selfish nodes. In order to solve the selfishness problem, we propose a fair credit-based incentive mechanism for routing in DTN-based sensor networks. In this mechanism, when a source node sends messages to its destination, each relay node will be rewarded with some credits. The accumulated credits are then used to evaluate the level of cooperation in the network. The selfish nodes with few credits are not able to get enough service from other nodes. With the fair incentive, all participating relays will get equal rewards by the trusted third party. In order to evaluate the proposed mechanism, we also perform some simulation, and the results demonstrate that the method can be used to support efficient routing for DTN-based sensor networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-01823-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T12:06:38Z","timestamp":1604923598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A fair credit-based incentive mechanism for routing in DTN-based sensor network with nodes\u2019 selfishness"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"2020","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2837-2290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxin","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenqian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1823_CR1","unstructured":"K.S. Low, W.N.N. Win, J.E. Meng. Wireless sensor networks for industrial environments[C]. International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling, Control and Automation and International Conference on Intelligent Agents, Web Technologies and Internet Commerce Vol. IEEE Computer Society, 2005:271-276."},{"issue":"3","key":"1823_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-010-9976-9","volume":"56","author":"W Guo","year":"2011","unstructured":"W. Guo, N. Xiong, A.V. Vasilakos, G. Chen, H. Cheng, Multi-Source Temporal Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Personal Communications 56(3), 359\u2013370 (2011).","journal-title":"Wireless Personal Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"1823_CR3","first-page":"985410","volume":"9","author":"W Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"W. Guo, B. Zhang, G. Chen, X. Wang, N. Xiong, A PSO-Optimized Minimum Spanning Tree-Based Topology Control Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw. 9(4), 985410 (2017).","journal-title":"A PSO-Optimized Minimum Spanning Tree-Based Topology Control Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"1823_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.H.P. Tran, H. Yamamoto, K. Yamazaki. Data synchronization method in DTN sensor network using autonomous air vehicle[C]. International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology. IEEE, 2014:382-387.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2014.6778986"},{"issue":"6","key":"1823_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2003.1204759","volume":"41","author":"S Burleigh","year":"2003","unstructured":"S. Burleigh, A. Hooke, L. Torgerson, et al., Delay-tolerant networking: an approach to interplanetary internet[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine. 41(6), 128\u2013136 (2003)","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine."},{"key":"1823_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Fall. A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets[C]. SIGCOMM Proceedings of the Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures and Protocols for Computer Communications, ACM. 2003, 33(4):27-34.","DOI":"10.1145\/863955.863960"},{"issue":"6","key":"1823_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-009-0220-z","volume":"16","author":"F Long","year":"2010","unstructured":"F. Long, N. Xiong, A.V. Vasilakos, L.T. Yang, F. Sun, A sustainable heuristic QoS routing algorithm for pervasive multilayered satellite wireless networks. Wireless Netw. 16(6), 1657\u20131673 (2010).","journal-title":"Wireless Netw."},{"issue":"3","key":"1823_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-012-0470-z","volume":"19","author":"KZ Ghafoor","year":"2013","unstructured":"K.Z. Ghafoor, K. Abu Bakar, J. Lloret, R.H. Khokhar, K.C. Lee, Intelligent beaconless geographical forwarding for urban vehicular environments. Wireless Netw. 19(3), 345\u2013362 (2013).","journal-title":"Wireless Netw."},{"key":"1823_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Zheng, J. Li, X. Feng, W. Guo, Z. Chen, N. Xiong, Spatial-Temporal Data Collection with Compressive Sensing in Mobile Sensor Networks. Sensors 17(11), 2575 (2017).","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112575"},{"key":"1823_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.Z. Ghafoor, M.A. Mohammed, J. Lloret,K. Abu Bakar, Z.M. Zainuddin, Routing Protocols in Vehicular Adhoc Networks: Survey and Research Challenges. Electron. Lett. 5(4), 39 (2013).","DOI":"10.5296\/npa.v5i4.4134"},{"issue":"6","key":"1823_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2007.1060","volume":"6","author":"A Chaintreau","year":"2007","unstructured":"A. Chaintreau, P. Hui, J. Crowcroft, et al., Impact of human mobility on opportunistic forwarding algorithms[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 6(6), 606\u2013620 (2007)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"key":"1823_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Panagakis, A. Vaios, I. Stavrakakis. On the effects of cooperation in DTNs[C]. International Conference on Communication Systems Software and MIDDLEWARE. IEEE, 2007:1-6.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSWA.2007.382571"},{"issue":"6","key":"1823_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.989","volume":"22","author":"C Lin","year":"2009","unstructured":"C. Lin, N. Xiong, J.H. Park, T.-H. Kim, Dynamic power management in new architecture of wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Commun. Syst. 22(6), 671\u2013693 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"1823_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Cheng, R. Guo, Z. Su, N. Xiong, W. Guo, Service-Oriented Node Scheduling Schemes with Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw. 10(2), 247173 (2014).","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/247173"},{"key":"1823_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Resta, P. Santi. The effects of node cooperation level on routing performance in delay tolerant networks[C]. Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, 2009. SECON '09. IEEE Communications Society Conference on. IEEE, 2009:1-9.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2009.5168977"},{"key":"1823_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O.R. Helgason, F. Legendre, V. Lenders, et al. Performance of opportunistic content distribution under different levels of cooperation[C]. Wireless Conference (EW), 2010 European. IEEE, 2010:903 - 910.","DOI":"10.1109\/EW.2010.5483523"},{"issue":"12","key":"1823_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2009.12.091520","volume":"13","author":"M Karaliopoulos","year":"2010","unstructured":"M. Karaliopoulos, Assessing the vulnerability of DTN data relaying schemes to node selfishness[J]. IEEE Communications Letters 13(12), 923\u2013925 (2010)","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"1823_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2011.05.001","volume":"66","author":"Y Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Y. Li, G. Su, Z. Wang, Evaluating the effects of node cooperation on DTN routing[J]. AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 66(1), 62\u201367 (2012)","journal-title":"AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications"},{"key":"1823_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Li, S.K. Das. RADON: Reputation-assisted data forwarding in opportunistic networks[C]. International Workshop on Mobile Opportunistic NETWORKING. ACM, 2010:8-14.","DOI":"10.1145\/1755743.1755746"},{"key":"1823_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.Wei, H. Zhu, Z. Cao, et al. MobiID: a user-centric and social-aware reputation based incentive scheme for delay\/disruption tolerant networks[C]. International Conference on Ad-Hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks. Springer-Verlag, 2011:177-190.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22450-8_14"},{"key":"1823_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.J. Jaramillo, R. Srikant. DARWIN: distributed and adaptive reputation mechanism for wireless ad-hoc networks[C]. MOBICOM '07: Proceedings of the, ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and NETWORKING. 2007:87-98.","DOI":"10.1145\/1287853.1287865"},{"key":"1823_CR22","first-page":"1987","volume":"3","author":"S Zhong","year":"2010","unstructured":"S. Zhong, J. Chen, Y.R. Yang, Sprite: A simple, cheat-proof, credit-based system for mobile ad-hoc networks[C]. Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM 3, 1987\u20131997 (2010)","journal-title":"Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM"},{"issue":"1","key":"1823_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2009.02.005","volume":"8","author":"L Butty\u00e1n","year":"2010","unstructured":"L. Butty\u00e1n, L. D\u00f3ra, M. F\u00e9legyh\u00e1zi, et al., Barter trade improves message delivery in opportunistic networks[J]. Ad Hoc Networks 8(1), 1\u201314 (2010)","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Networks"},{"key":"1823_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Chahin, H.B.A. Sidi, R. El-Azouzi, et al., Incentive mechanisms based on minority games in heterogeneous delay tolerant networks[C]. Teletraffic Congress. IEEE, 1\u20139 (2013)","DOI":"10.1109\/ITC.2013.6662956"},{"issue":"1","key":"1823_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5120\/20115-2160","volume":"115","author":"SP Hulke","year":"2015","unstructured":"S.P. Hulke, V. Attar, Game theory based incentive mechanisms in delay tolerant network[J]. International Journal of Computer Applications 115(1), 22\u201325 (2015)","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Applications"},{"issue":"8","key":"1823_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4628","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2009.2020105","volume":"58","author":"H Zhu","year":"2009","unstructured":"H. Zhu, X. Lin, R. Lu, et al., SMART: a secure multilayer credit-based incentive scheme for delay-tolerant networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 58(8), 4628\u20134639 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"1823_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.B. Chen, M.C. Chan, MobiCent: a credit-based incentive system for disruption tolerant network[C]. Proceedings - IEEE INFOCOM, 875\u2013883 (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2010.5462136"},{"issue":"290","key":"1823_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.08.035","volume":"290","author":"VG Rolla","year":"2015","unstructured":"V.G. Rolla, M. Curado, Enabling wireless cooperation in delay tolerant networks. Information Sciences 290(290), 120\u2013133 (2015)","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"1823_CR29","unstructured":"T. Seregina, O. Brun, R.E. Azouzi, et al., On the design of a reward-based incentive mechanism for delay tolerant networks[J]. Networking & Internet Architecture, 1\u20131 (2014)"},{"issue":"8","key":"1823_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6377","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2477164","volume":"65","author":"H Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"H. Chen, W. Lou, Z. Wang, et al., A secure credit-based incentive mechanism for message forwarding in noncooperative DTNs[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 65(8), 6377\u20136388 (2016)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1823_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2546910","volume":"16","author":"T Seregina","year":"2017","unstructured":"T. Seregina, O. Brun, R. El-Azouzi, et al., On the design of a reward-based incentive mechanism for delay tolerant networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 16(2), 453\u2013465 (2017)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"issue":"C","key":"1823_CR32","first-page":"178","volume":"70","author":"B Jedari","year":"2016","unstructured":"B. Jedari, L. Liu, T. Qiu, et al., A game-theoretic incentive scheme for social-aware routing in selfish mobile social networks[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems 70(C), 178\u2013190 (2016)","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"1823_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Ker\u00e4nen, J. Ott, T. K\u00e4rkk\u00e4inen. The ONE simulator for DTN protocol evaluation[C]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques. 2009.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.SIMUTOOLS2009.5674"},{"key":"1823_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8273","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2809501","volume":"6","author":"Y Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Y. Liu, K. Ota, K. Zhang, M. Ma, N. Xiong, A. Liu, J. Long, QTSAC: An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Delay Minimization in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Access 6, 8273\u20138291 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"11","key":"1823_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.246","volume":"10","author":"P Hui","year":"2011","unstructured":"P. Hui, J. Crowcroft, E. Yoneki, BUBBLE Rap: social-based forwarding in delay-tolerant networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 10(11), 1576\u20131589 (2011)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"key":"1823_CR36","unstructured":"E. Jones, P. Ward, Routing strategies for delay-tolerant network[EB\/OL]. Submitted to ACM Computer Communication Review. (2006) https:\/\/www.netlab.tkk.fi\/opetus\/s383151\/articles\/dtn-routing-survey.pdf"},{"key":"1823_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Broch, D.A. Maltz, D.B. Johnson, et al. A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols[C]. Proceeding of the 4th annual ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 1998, 85-97.","DOI":"10.1145\/288235.288256"}],"container-title":["EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01823-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01823-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01823-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T12:17:13Z","timestamp":1604924233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01823-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13638-020-01823-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-1499"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-1499","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 December 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"232"}}